{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:19:53Z","timestamp":1747185593071,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007787","name":"National Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reported laboratory\u2010confirmed COVID\u201019 cases underestimate the true burden of disease as cases without laboratory confirmation, and asymptomatic and mild cases are missed by local surveillance systems. Population\u2010based seroprevalence studies can provide better estimates of burden of disease by taking into account infections that were missed by surveillance systems. Additionally, little is known about the determinants of seroconversion in community settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional serologic survey among 888 participants in Egypt.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 30% of study volunteers. Age and educational level were associated with being seropositive as people older than 70\u2009years and people with graduate degrees had lower seroprevalence. Self\u2010reporting cases having COVID\u201019\u2010related symptoms such as fever, malaise, headache, dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, diarrhea, and loss of taste or smell were all associated with having antibodies. Fever and loss of taste or smell were strong predictors with odds ratios of 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.3\u20133.5) and 4.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.6\u20137.8), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results can guide COVID\u201019 prevention and control policies and assist in determining the immunity level in some Egyptian communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T12:16:58Z","timestamp":1626351418000},"page":"750-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determinants of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amira S.","family":"El Rifay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"Child Health Department National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Marouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mokhtar R.","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"El Taweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noura M.","family":"Abo Shama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"GabAllah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soha M.","family":"Abd El Dayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics Department National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Kandeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabeh","family":"El\u2010Shesheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazi","family":"Kayali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences University of Texas  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Life Sciences Division Human Link  Dubai United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses National Research Centre  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"WHO.COVID\u201019 Weekly Epidemiological Update.2020.","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054002643"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0992-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"2020","author":"Sood 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Brazzaville, the Republic of Congo","author":"Batchi\u2010Bouyou AL","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in Guilan Province, Iran, April 2020","volume":"27","author":"Shakiba M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30858-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa223"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1916"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa979"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-215678"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa199"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.11.008"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory 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