{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:21:54Z","timestamp":1790749314951,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low global influenza circulation was reported during the coronavirus\u201019 pandemic. We explored relationships between non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and influenza in tropical Asian countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance data from 2015 to 2019 and the WHO shiny app, we constructed expected seasonal influenza epidemic curves from March 2020 to June 2021 and compared the timing, and average percent positivity with observed data. We used multivariate regression to test associations between ordinal NPI data (from the Oxford Stringency Index) 4\u2009weeks before the expected 2020\/21 epidemics and present adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) or relative proportion ratio (RPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from nine countries predicted 18 seasonal epidemics; seven were observed. Five started 6\u201324\u2009weeks later, and all were 4\u201321\u2009weeks shorter than expected. Five epidemics had lower maximum peak values (percent positivity), and all but one had lower average percent positivity than expected. All countries implemented NPIs. Each increased level of school closure reduced risk of an epidemic by 43% (IRR\u2009=\u20090.57, CI: 0.34, 0.95). Each increased level of canceling public events reduced the average percent positivity across the season by 44% (RPR\u2009=\u20090.56, CI: 0.39, 0.82) and each increased level in restricting internal movements reduced it by 41% (RPR\u2009=\u20090.59, CI: 0.36, 0.96). Other NPIs were not associated with changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among nine countries, the 2020\/21 seasonal epidemics were delayed, shorter, and less intense than expected. Although layered NPIs were difficult to tease apart, school closings, canceling public events, and restricting internal movements before influenza circulation seemed to reduce transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T04:08:25Z","timestamp":1641614905000},"page":"568-576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The role of non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions on influenza circulation during the COVID\u201019 pandemic in nine tropical Asian countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William W.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Thailand MOPH\u2010US CDC Collaboration  Nonthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Thailand MOPH\u2010US CDC Collaboration  Nonthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja J.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"96","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Review of global influenza circulation, late 2019 to 2020, and the impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic on influenza circulation","volume":"25","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7002e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"WHO.FluMart database.2021.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/flumart\/Default?ReportNo=12. Accessed 10 June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO average curves.2021.https:\/\/worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io\/averagecurves\/. Accessed 4 October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZeilingerEL NaderIW JomarD ZauchnerC.Onset of effects of non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions on COVID\u201019 worldwide.medRxiv2020:2020.2009.2002.20185660.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.02.20185660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70176-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000128778.54105.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0650-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400003X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"SeasonalHS.Influenza vaccine use in low and middle income countries in the tropics and subtropics.2015.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/188785\/9789241565097_eng.pdf. Accessed 15 November 2021."}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.12953","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.12953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T06:35:56Z","timestamp":1692945356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.12953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.12953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12953","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.12953\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}