{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:32:20Z","timestamp":1787167940025,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UL1TR002243\u201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UL1TR002243\u201003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Delta\u2010 and Omicron\u2010specific effectiveness of two and three mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccine doses in adults against symptomatic illness in US outpatient settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between October 1, 2021, and February 12, 2022, research staff consented and enrolled eligible participants who had fever, cough, or loss of taste or smell and sought outpatient medical care or clinical SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 testing within 10\u00a0days of illness onset. Using the test\u2010negative design, we compared the odds of receiving two or three mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccine doses among SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 cases versus controls using logistic regression. Regression models were adjusted for study site, age, onset week, and prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated as (1\u2009\u2212\u2009adjusted odds ratio)\u2009\u00d7\u2009100%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 3847 participants included for analysis, 574 (32%) of 1775 tested positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 during the Delta predominant period and 1006 (56%) of 1794 participants tested positive during the Omicron predominant period. When Delta predominated, VE against symptomatic illness in outpatient settings was 63% (95% CI: 51% to 72%) among mRNA two\u2010dose recipients and 96% (95% CI: 93% to 98%) for three\u2010dose recipients. When Omicron predominated, VE was 21% (95% CI: \u22126% to 41%) among two\u2010dose recipients and 62% (95% CI: 48% to 72%) among three\u2010dose recipients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this adult population, three mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccine doses provided substantial protection against symptomatic illness in outpatient settings when the Omicron variant became the predominant cause of COVID\u201019 in the United States. These findings support the recommendation for a third mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccine dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T02:29:06Z","timestamp":1659148146000},"page":"975-985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effectiveness of two and three mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccine doses against Omicron\u2010 and Delta\u2010Related outpatient illness among adults, October 2021\u2013February 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sara S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie R.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Keipp","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Wernli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Kiniry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily T.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold S.","family":"Monto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7478-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A.","family":"Belongia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Q.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott and White Health  Temple Texas USA"},{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University College of Medicine  Temple Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mufaddal","family":"Mamawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott and White Health  Temple Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Patricia","family":"Nowalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Schools of Health Sciences  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krissy","family":"Moehling Geffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Schools of Health Sciences  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Y.","family":"Tartof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Southern California  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Tenforde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish M.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Strain Surveillance and Emerging Variants Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID\u201019 ACIP vaccine recommendations. 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