{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:46:59Z","timestamp":1772160419742,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93019C00052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93019C00052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pandemic influenza viruses may emerge from animal reservoirs and spread among humans in the absence of cross\u2010reactive antibodies in the human population. Immune response to highly conserved T cell epitopes in vaccines may still reduce morbidity and limit the spread of the new virus even when cross\u2010protective antibody responses are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used an established epitope content prediction and comparison tool, Epitope Content Comparison (EpiCC), to assess the potential for emergent H1N1 G4 swine influenza A virus (G4) to impact swine and human populations. We identified and computed the total cross\u2010conserved T cell epitope content in HA sequences of human seasonal and experimental influenza vaccines, swine influenza vaccines from Europe and the United States (US) against G4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall T cell epitope content of US commercial swine vaccines was poorly conserved with G4, with an average T cell epitope coverage of 35.7%. EpiCC scores for the comparison between current human influenza vaccines and circulating human influenza strains were also very low. In contrast, the T cell epitope coverage of a recent European swine influenza vaccine (HL03) was 65.8% against G4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poor T cell epitope cross\u2010conservation between emergent G4 and swine and human influenza vaccines in the US may enable G4 to spread in swine and spillover to human populations in the absence of protective antibody response. One European influenza vaccine, HL03, may protect against emergent G4. This study illustrates the use of the EpiCC tool for prospective assessment of existing vaccine strains against emergent viruses in swine and human populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1666750235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["H1N1 G4 swine influenza T cell epitope analysis in swine and human vaccines and circulating strains uncovers potential risk to swine and humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0658-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swan","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenny","family":"Moise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"EpiVax Inc.  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development  Kalamazoo Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantinos S.","family":"Kyriakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres H.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiVax Inc.  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ted M.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne S.","family":"De Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"EpiVax Inc.  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Dykhuis HadenC PainterT FangmanT HoltkampD. \u201cAssessing production parameters and economic impact of swine influenza PRRS and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on finishing pigs in a large production system \u201d inProceedings of the AASV Annual Meeting 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921186117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02421\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20102659.2010.00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102334\u201013\u2010204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.11.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.1018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82\u20102012\u2010266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118924341.ch19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1653743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00275\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1061159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.563362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050594"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.7.3363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264\u2010410X(03)00390\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050468"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","article-title":"rstatix: pipe\u2010friendly framework for basic statistical tests","volume":"3","author":"Kassambara A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Why We Need the Journal of Interactive Advertising"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/546274"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378\u20101135(86)90026\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264\u2010410X(01)00206\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"\u201cHow Flu Vaccine Effectiveness and Efficacy are Measured \u201dCenters for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD).https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/vaccines-work\/effectivenessqa.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411\u20101988OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00097\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567\u2010022\u201001029\u2010w"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.13058","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.13058","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.13058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T17:22:28Z","timestamp":1692465748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.13058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.13058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.13058","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13058\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13058\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13058\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13058\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13058\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13058"}}