{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:51:52Z","timestamp":1779897112680,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400006C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI120997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI120997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"Open Philanthropy Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Much of the world's population has been infected with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Thus, immunity from prior infection will play a critical role in future SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission. We investigated the impact of infection\u2010induced immunity on viral shedding duration and viral load.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a household cohort study in Managua, Nicaragua, with an embedded transmission study that closely monitors participants regardless of symptoms. Real\u2010time reverse\u2010transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure infections and seropositivity, respectively. Blood samples were collected twice annually and surrounding household intensive monitoring periods. We used accelerated failure time models to compare shedding times. Participants vaccinated \u226514\u2009days prior to infection were excluded from primary analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 600 RT\u2010PCR\u2010confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections in unvaccinated participants between May 1, 2020, and March 10, 2022, with prior ELISA data. Prior infection was associated with 48% shorter shedding times (event time ratio [ETR] 0.52, 95% CI: 0.39\u20130.69, mean shedding: 13.7 vs. 26.4\u00a0days). A fourfold higher anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike titer was associated with 17% shorter shedding (ETR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78\u20130.90). Similarly, maximum viral loads (lowest cycle threshold [CT]) were lower for previously infected individuals (mean CT 29.8 vs. 28.0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.02\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), for adults and children \u226510\u00a0years, but not for children 0\u20139\u00a0years; there was little difference in CT levels for previously infected versus na\u00efve adults aged above 60\u2009years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior infection\u2010induced immunity was associated with shorter viral shedding and lower viral loads, which may be important in the transition from pandemic to endemicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T05:19:25Z","timestamp":1669958365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection\u2010induced immunity and the duration of viral shedding: Results from a Nicaraguan household cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Plazaola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Ministry of Health  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nery","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saira","family":"Saborio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Ministry of Health  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Barilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermina","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"},{"name":"Centro de Salud S\u00f3crates Flores Vivas Ministry of Health  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Balmaseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable Sciences Institute  Managua Nicaragua"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Ministry of Health  Managua Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aubree","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(22)00484\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"RitchieH MathieuE Rod\u00e9s\u2010GuiraoL et al.Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID\u201019).Our World in Data.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20100913\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2203985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"HubeauxS RufibachK.SurvRegCensCov: Weibull Regression for a Right\u2010Censored Endpoint with Interval\u2010Censored Covariate. 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