{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:47:00Z","timestamp":1772160420607,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109\u20102314\u2010B\u2010182\u2010036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109\u20102314\u2010B\u2010182\u2010036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400007C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400007C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Public health organizations have recommended various definitions of influenza\u2010like illnesses under the assumption that the symptoms do not change during influenza virus infection. To explore the relationship between symptoms and influenza over time, we analyzed a dataset from an international multicenter prospective emergency department (ED)\u2010based influenza\u2010like illness cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited patients in the US and Taiwan between 2015 and 2020 with: (1) flu\u2010like symptoms (fever and cough, headache, or sore throat), (2) absence of any of the respiratory infection symptoms, or (3) positive laboratory test results for influenza from the current ED visit. We evaluated the association between the symptoms and influenza virus infection on different days of illness. The association was evaluated among different subgroups, including different study countries, influenza subtypes, and only patients with influenza.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 2471 recruited patients, 45.7% tested positive for influenza virus. Cough was the most predictive symptom throughout the week (odds ratios [OR]: 7.08\u201311.15). In general, all symptoms were more predictive during the first 2\u2009days (OR: 1.55\u201310.28). Upper respiratory symptoms, such as sore throat and productive cough, and general symptoms, such as body ache and fatigue, were more predictive in the first half of the week (OR: 1.51\u20133.25). Lower respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of breath and wheezing, were more predictive in the second half of the week (OR: 1.52\u20132.52). Similar trends were observed for most symptoms in the different subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The time course is an important factor to be considered when evaluating the symptoms of influenza virus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T12:31:24Z","timestamp":1670502684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Applying symptom dynamics to accurately predict influenza virus infection: An international multicenter influenza\u2010like illness surveillance study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jin\u2010Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center Chang Gung University  Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education Chang Gung Memorial Hospital  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin\u2010Chieh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center Chang Gung University  Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Ju","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih\u2010Tsung","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital  Linkou Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Pekosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7287-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan\u2010Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center Chang Gung University  Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital  Keelung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"World Health O.Global influenza strategy 2019\u20132030. 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