{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:46:59Z","timestamp":1772160419153,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30120C09259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30120C09259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011625","name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007015","name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>US recommendations for COVID\u201019 vaccine boosters have expanded in terms of age groups covered and numbers of doses recommended, whereas evolution of Omicron sublineages raises questions about ongoing vaccine effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated effectiveness of monovalent COVID\u201019 mRNA booster vaccination versus two\u2010dose primary series during a period of Omicron variant virus circulation in a community cohort with active illness surveillance. Hazard ratios comparing SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection between booster versus primary series vaccinated individuals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models with time\u2010varying booster status. Models were adjusted for age and prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. The effectiveness of a second booster among adults \u226550\u2009years of age was similarly estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis included 883 participants ranging in age, from 5 to &gt;90\u2009years. Relative effectiveness was 51% (95% CI: 34%, 64%) favoring the booster compared with primary series vaccination and did not vary by prior infection status. Relative effectiveness was 74% (95% CI: 57%, 84%) at 15 to 90\u2009days after booster receipt, but declined to 42% (95% CI: 16%, 61%) after 91 to 180\u2009days, and to 36% (95% CI: 3%, 58%) after 180\u2009days. The relative effectiveness of a second booster compared to a single booster was 24% (95% CI: \u221240% to 61%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An mRNA vaccine booster dose added significant protection against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, but protection decreased over time. A second booster did not add significant protection for adults \u226550\u2009years of age. Uptake of recommended bivalent boosters should be encouraged to increase protection against Omicron BA.4\/BA.5 sublineages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:40:14Z","timestamp":1677642014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effectiveness of first and second COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccine monovalent booster doses during a period of circulation of Omicron variant sublineages: December 2021\u2013July 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5696-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua G.","family":"Petrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer P.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0483-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Rolfes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Meece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pattinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kawaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7478-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A.","family":"Belongia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huong Q.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010021\u201001053\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7044e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC Expands Booster Shot Eligibility and Strengthens Recommendations for 12\u201017 Year Olds [Internet]. [cited2022Feb 18]. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2022\/s0105-Booster-Shot.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn4947"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(22)00090\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7104e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"Covid\u201019 vaccine effectiveness against the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant","author":"Andrews N","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Engl J Medicine."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200797"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010022\u201001212\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(22)00292\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0470"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201005053\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004980\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2022.27.37.2200697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7139a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC Recommends Additional Boosters for Certain Individuals [Internet]. 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