{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:40:27Z","timestamp":1790736027165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Public health and social measures (PHSM) intend to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases and to reduce the burden on health systems, economies and societies. During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, PHSM have been selected, combined and implemented in a variable manner and inconsistently categorized in policy trackers. This paper presents an initial conceptual framework depicting how PHSM operate in a complex system, enabling a wide\u2010reaching description of these measures and their intended and unintended outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a multi\u2010stage development process, we combined (i) a complexity perspective and systems thinking; (ii) literature on existing COVID\u201019 PHSM frameworks, taxonomies and policy trackers; (iii) expert input and (iv) application to school and international travel measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initial framework reflects our current understanding of how PHSM are intended to achieve transmission\u2010related outcomes in a complex system, offering visualizations, definitions and worked examples. First, PHSM operate through two basic mechanisms, that is, reducing contacts and\/or making contacts safer. Second, PHSM are defined not only by the measures themselves but by their stringency and application to specific populations and settings. Third, PHSM are critically influenced by contextual factors. The framework provides a tool for structured thinking and further development, rather than a ready\u2010to\u2010use tool for practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This conceptual framework seeks to facilitate coordinated, interdisciplinary research on PHSM effectiveness, impact and implementation; enable consistent, coherent PHSM monitoring and evaluation; and contribute to evidence\u2010informed decision\u2010making on PHSM implementation, adaptation and de\u2010implementation. We expect this framework to be modified and refined over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T04:32:43Z","timestamp":1678336363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Public health and social measures during health emergencies such as the COVID\u201019 pandemic: An initial framework to conceptualize and classify measures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva A.","family":"Rehfuess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Pettenkofer School of Public Health  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ani","family":"Movsisyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Pettenkofer School of Public Health  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Pfadenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Pettenkofer School of Public Health  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Pettenkofer School of Public Health  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Ludolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Michie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Behaviour Change University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Strahwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Pettenkofer School of Public Health  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(22)01585\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102018\u2010000963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"LavisJN.COVID\u2010END taxonomy of public\u2010health measures clinical management of COVID\u201019 health\u2010system arrangements and economic and social responses. 2021 Last updated: 14 April 2022; Hamilton Canada: McMaster Health Forum;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Tracking Public Health and Social Measures: A Global Dataset. 12\/07\/2022 2022. 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