{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T13:35:07Z","timestamp":1788010507460,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014354","name":"Milstein Medical Asian American Partnership Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012306","name":"Center for Innovative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Influenza virus causes significant morbidity and mortality with pandemic threat.\n                      <jats:italic>Oleaceae Fructus Forsythiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a medicinal herb. This study aimed to investigate antiviral effect of Phillyrin, a purified bioactive compound from this herb, and its reformulated preparation FS21 against influenza and its mechanism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Madin\u2013Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were infected by one of six influenza viruses: five influenza A viruses (IAVs: three H1N1 and two H3N2) and one influenza B virus (IBV). Virus\u2010induced cytopathic effects were observed and recorded under microscope. Viral replication and mRNA transcription were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein expression by Western blot. Infectious virus production was assessed using TCID50 assay, and IC50 was calculated accordingly. Pretreatment and time\u2010of\u2010addition experiments with Phillyrin or FS21 added 1\u2009h before or in early (0\u20133\u2009h), mid (3\u20136\u2009h), or late (6\u20139\u2009h) stages of viral infection were performed to assess their antiviral effects. Mechanistic studies included hemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition, viral binding and entry, endosomal acidification, and plasmid\u2010based influenza RNA polymerase activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phillyrin and FS21 had potent antiviral effects against all six IAV and IBV in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that both suppressed influenza viral RNA polymerase with no effect on virus\u2010mediated hemagglutination inhibition, viral binding or entry, endosomal acidification, or neuraminidase activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phillyrin and FS21 have broad and potent antiviral effects against influenza viruses with inhibition of viral RNA polymerase as the distinct antiviral mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:40:40Z","timestamp":1677642040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antiviral effect and mechanism of Phillyrin and its reformulated FS21 against influenza"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunjin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Immune Remodeling  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrison","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Geriatric Hospital  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicine Development Co. Ltd.  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Pekosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean X.","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Immune Remodeling  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. November2018.Influenza (seasonal). Available athttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal). 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