{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:30:22Z","timestamp":1787167822329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UL1TR002243\u201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UL1TR002243\u201003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C11513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C11513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C11519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C11519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C11529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C11529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C11909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C11909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C12246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C12246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C12279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C12279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005224","name":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30121C12339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30121C12339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated combined protection conferred by prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and COVID\u201019 vaccination against COVID\u201019\u2010associated acute respiratory illness (ARI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant circulation between October 2021 and April 2022, prospectively enrolled adult patients with outpatient ARI had respiratory and filter paper blood specimens collected for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 molecular testing and serology. Dried blood spots were tested for immunoglobulin\u2010G antibodies against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 nucleocapsid (NP) and spike protein receptor binding domain antigen using a validated multiplex bead assay. Evidence of prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection also included documented or self\u2010reported laboratory\u2010confirmed COVID\u201019. We used documented COVID\u201019 vaccination status to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) by multivariable logistic regression by prior infection status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four hundred fifty\u2010five (29%) of 1577 participants tested positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection at enrollment; 209 (46%) case\u2010patients and 637 (57%) test\u2010negative patients were NP seropositive, had documented previous laboratory\u2010confirmed COVID\u201019, or self\u2010reported prior infection. Among previously uninfected patients, three\u2010dose VE was 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60%\u201399%) against Delta, but not statistically significant against Omicron. Among previously infected patients, three\u2010dose VE was 57% (CI, 20%\u201376%) against Omicron; VE against Delta could not be estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccine doses provided additional protection against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Omicron variant\u2010associated illness among previously infected participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1684986362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prior SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and COVID\u201019 vaccine effectiveness against outpatient illness during widespread circulation of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Omicron variant, US Flu VE network"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara Y.","family":"Tartof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California  Pasadena California USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Systems Science Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fagen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchi","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Wernli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5771-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily T.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7478-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A.","family":"Belongia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute  Marshfield Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott &amp; White Health  Temple Texas USA"},{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University College of Medicine  Temple Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Keipp","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Thornburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"US Flu VE Network 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