{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:08:31Z","timestamp":1792642111219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV\u2010039626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV\u2010039626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to estimate SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibody seroprevalence within representative samples of the Kenyan population during the third year of the COVID\u201019 pandemic and the second year of COVID\u201019 vaccine use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted cross\u2010sectional serosurveys among randomly selected, age\u2010stratified samples of Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) residents in Kilifi and Nairobi. Anti\u2010spike (anti\u2010S) immunoglobulin G (IgG) serostatus was measured using a validated in\u2010house ELISA and antibody concentrations estimated with reference to the WHO International Standard for anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 immunoglobulin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HDSS residents were sampled in February\u2013June 2022 (Kilifi HDSS\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009852; Nairobi Urban HDSS\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009851) and in August\u2013December 2022 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009850 for both sites). Population\u2010weighted coverage for \u22651 doses of COVID\u201019 vaccine were 11.1% (9.1\u201313.2%) among Kilifi HDSS residents by November 2022 and 34.2% (30.7\u201337.6%) among Nairobi Urban HDSS residents by December 2022.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Population\u2010weighted anti\u2010S IgG seroprevalence among Kilifi HDSS residents increased from 69.1% (65.8\u201372.3%) by May 2022 to 77.4% (74.4\u201380.2%) by November 2022. Within the Nairobi Urban HDSS, seroprevalence by June 2022 was 88.5% (86.1\u201390.6%), comparable with seroprevalence by December 2022 (92.2%; 90.2\u201393.9%). For both surveys, seroprevalence was significantly lower among Kilifi HDSS residents than among Nairobi Urban HDSS residents, as were antibody concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 70% of Kilifi residents and 90% of Nairobi residents were seropositive for anti\u2010S IgG by the end of 2022. There is a potential immunity gap in rural Kenya; implementation of interventions to improve COVID\u201019 vaccine uptake among sub\u2010groups at increased risk of severe COVID\u201019 in rural settings is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T21:34:50Z","timestamp":1695764090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seroprevalence and implications for population immunity: Evidence from two Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in Kenya, February\u2013December 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Wangeci","family":"Kagucia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdhala K.","family":"Ziraba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nyagwange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Kutima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makobu","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Akech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurine","family":"Ng'oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antipa","family":"Sigilai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gitonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Karani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Toroitich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Karia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Otiende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amek","family":"Nyaguara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick K.","family":"Munywoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Global Health Protection US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Bigogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Maitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Uyoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony O.","family":"Etyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwine","family":"Barasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mwangangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi 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O.","family":"Adetifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Warimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford University Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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