{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:47:05Z","timestamp":1772160425229,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/63\/82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/63\/82"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated the secondary attack rate of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 among household contacts of PCR\u2010confirmed cases of COVID\u201019 in rural Kenya and analysed risk factors for transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled incident PCR\u2010confirmed cases and their household members. At baseline, a questionnaire, a blood sample, and naso\u2010oropharyngeal swabs were collected. Household members were followed 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28\u2009days after the date of the first PCR\u2010positive in the household; naso\u2010oropharyngeal swabs were collected at each visit and used to define secondary cases. Blood samples were collected every 1\u20132\u00a0weeks. Symptoms were collected in a daily symptom diary. We used binomial regression to estimate secondary attack rates and survival analysis to analyse risk factors for transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 119 households with at least one positive household member were enrolled between October 2020 and September 2022, comprising 503 household members; 226 remained in follow\u2010up at day 14 (45%). A total of 43 secondary cases arose within 14\u2009days of identification of the primary case, and 81 household members remained negative. The 7\u2010day secondary attack rate was 4% (95% CI 1%\u201310%), the 14\u2010day secondary attack rate was 28% (95% CI 17%\u201340%). Of 38 secondary cases with data, eight reported symptoms (21%, 95% CI 8%\u201334%). Antibody to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein at enrolment was not associated with risk of becoming a secondary case.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Households in our setting experienced a lower 7\u2010day attack rate than a recent meta\u2010analysis indicated as the global average (23%\u201343% depending on variant), and infection is mostly asymptomatic in our setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T21:34:27Z","timestamp":1695764067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Symptom prevalence and secondary attack rate of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in rural Kenyan households: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Nyiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles N.","family":"Agoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Maitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health Government of Kenya  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nyagwange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Karani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bottomley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nickson","family":"Murunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Githinji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mutunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynette Isabella","family":"Ochola\u2010Oyier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Kombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amek","family":"Nyaguara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI\u2010Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP)  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. 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