{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:44:21Z","timestamp":1785469461395,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several countries, including Bahrain, used wastewater surveillance for disease activity monitoring. This study aimed to determine the presence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u00a0in untreated wastewater and to correlate it with the disease spread.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective review was conducted for all wastewater samples tested for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in public health laboratories from November 2020 to October 2022. Samples were collected weekly between February and October 2022 from different areas across Bahrain. Real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction was used to test for the presence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in wastewater, and the results were correlated with the number of COVID\u201019 cases in the same area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 387 wastewater samples, 103 (26.6%) samples tested positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. In late 2020, of 42 samples collected initially, four (9.5%) samples tested positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in the four locations that hosted COVID\u201019 isolation facilities. Between February and October 2022, 345 specimens of wastewater were tested, and 99 (28.7%) were positive. The highest detection rate was in February, June, and July (60%, 45%, and 43%, respectively), which corresponded to COVID\u201019 peaks during 2022, and the lowest detection rate was in August and September (11% and 0%, respectively), corresponding to the low number of COVID\u201019 cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The detection rate of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in wastewater samples from Bahrain was high and was significantly correlated with the number of reported COVID\u201019 cases. Wastewater surveillance can aid the existing surveillance system in monitoring SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spread.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T14:19:36Z","timestamp":1699885176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Presence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus in wastewater in the Kingdom of Bahrain during the COVID\u201019 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2376-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afaf Merza","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Directorate Ministry of Health  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Matar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Health Cluster  Dammam Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan M.","family":"Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex Arabian Gulf University  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafa Fawzi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Directorate Ministry of Health  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad Ghanem","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Directorate Ministry of Health  Manama Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel Salman","family":"Al Sayyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine, Epidemiology &amp; Public Health, Disease Control Section, Ministry of Health. 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