{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1787060149044,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K17376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K17376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR300738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whether prophylactic administration of antibiotics to patients with influenza reduces the hospitalisation risk is unknown. We aimed to examine the association between antibiotic prescription in outpatients with influenza infection and subsequent hospitalisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cohort study using health insurance records of Japanese clinic and hospital visits between 2012 and 2016. Participants were outpatients (age, 0\u201374\u2009years) with confirmed influenza infection who were prescribed anti\u2010influenza medicine. The primary outcomes were the hospitalisation risk from all causes and pneumonia and the duration of hospitalisation due to pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 903,104 outpatient records with 2469 hospitalisations. The risk of hospitalisation was greater in outpatients prescribed anti\u2010influenza medicine plus antibiotics (0.31% for all causes and 0.18% for pneumonia) than in those prescribed anti\u2010influenza medicine only (0.27% and 0.17%, respectively). However, the risk of hospitalisation was significantly lower in patients prescribed peramivir and antibiotics than in those prescribed peramivir only. Patients who received add\u2010on antibiotics had a significantly longer hospital stay (4.12\u2009days) than those who received anti\u2010influenza medicine only (3.77\u2009days). In all age groups, the hospitalisation risk from pneumonia tended to be greater in those who received antibiotics than in those prescribed anti\u2010influenza medicine only. However, among older patients (65\u201374\u2009years), those provided add\u2010on antibiotics had an average 5.24\u2010day shorter hospitalisation due to pneumonia than those provided anti\u2010influenza medicine only (not significant).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In outpatient cases of influenza, patients who are prescribed antibiotics added to antiviral medicines have a higher risk of hospitalisation and longer duration of hospitalisation due to pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T21:09:56Z","timestamp":1699823396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibiotic prescription for outpatients with influenza and subsequent hospitalisation: A cohort study using insurance data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yokomichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Medicine University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mie","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Jonathan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiji","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Medicine University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadao","family":"Ooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zentaro","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"},{"name":"Centre for Birth Cohort Studies University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)33293\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Disease burden of flu.2022. Accessed October 12 2023.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/burden\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.21880"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(11)61051\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102018\u2010024687"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.116665"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02819\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780\u2010015\u20100016\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010006\u20100277\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35021219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.11.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00360\u201011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Japan Paediatric Society.Vaccination schedule recommended by the Japan Pediatric Society (English version). 2020. Accessed October 18 2023.https:\/\/www.jpeds.or.jp\/uploads\/files\/2020%20English%20JPS%20Immunization%20Schedule.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39345.405243.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010021\u201001613\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12398"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.13221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1702558871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.13221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.13221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.13221","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13221\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13221\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13221\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.13221\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13221"}}