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Mismatch between vaccine and circulating viral strains negatively affects vaccine effectiveness and often contributes to higher rates of influenza\u2010related hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in years dominated by A(H3N2). Several countries recommend enhanced influenza vaccines for older adults, who are at the highest risk of severe influenza complications and mortality. The immunogenicity of enhanced vaccines against heterologous A(H3N2) strains has been examined in nine studies to date. In six studies, an enhanced, licensed MF59\u2010adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV3) consistently increased heterologous antibody titers relative to standard influenza vaccine, with evidence of a broad heterologous immune response across multiple genetic clades. In one study, licensed high\u2010dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (HD\u2010IIV3) also induced higher heterologous antibody titers than standard influenza vaccine. In a study comparing a higher dose licensed quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) with HD\u2010IIV3 and aIIV3, no significant differences in antibody titers against a heterologous strain were observed, although seroconversion rates were higher with RIV4 versus comparators. With the unmet medical need for improved influenza vaccines, the paucity of studies especially with enhanced vaccines covering mismatched strains highlights a need for further investigation of cross\u2010protection in older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T04:23:41Z","timestamp":1712723021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunogenicity of Enhanced Influenza Vaccines Against Mismatched Influenza Strains in Older Adults: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8153-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Youhanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSL Seqirus Ltd  Summit New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vy","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSL Seqirus Ltd  Summit New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Hyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baruch S. 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