{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:06:09Z","timestamp":1786759569280,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the pathogen epidemiology of community\u2010acquired pneumonia (CAP) among children in Southwest China before, during and after the COVID\u201019 non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pathogen data of hospitalised children with CAP, including multiple direct immunofluorescence test for seven viruses, bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , were analysed across three phases: Phase I (pre\u2010NPIs: 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019), Phase II (NPI period: 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020) and Phase III (post\u2010NPIs: 1 January 2023 to 31 December 2023).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 7533 cases were enrolled, including 2444, 1642 and 3447 individuals in Phases I, II and III, respectively.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      predominated in Phases I and III (23.4% and 35.5%, respectively). In Phase II, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) emerged as the primary pathogen (20.3%), whereas detection rates of influenza A virus (Flu A) and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were at a low level (1.8% and 9.6%, respectively). In Phase III, both Flu A (15.8%) and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      epidemic rebounded, whereas RSV detection rate returned to Phase I level, and detection rates of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      decreased significantly compared to those in Phase I. Detection rates of adenovirus and parainfluenza virus type 3 decreased phase by phase. Age\u2010stratified analysis and monthly variations supported the above findings. Seasonal patterns of multiple pathogens were disrupted during Phases II and III.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      COVID\u201019 NPIs exhibited a distinct impact on CAP pathogen epidemic among children, with post\u2010NPIs increases observed in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>M.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and Flu A prevalence. Continuous pathogen monitoring is crucial for effective prevention and control of paediatric CAP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T07:40:44Z","timestamp":1723707644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Epidemiology of Pathogens in Community\u2010Acquired Pneumonia Among Children in Southwest China Before, During and After COVID\u201019 Non\u2010pharmaceutical Interventions: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ruling","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child 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