{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:47:03Z","timestamp":1772160423453,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FLU00177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLU00177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surveillance programmes for influenza and other respiratory pathogens are important to generate vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates and to inform vaccine composition. We aimed to explore the feasibility and acceptability of home\u2010based testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In three out of nine provinces in South Africa, we established a self\u2010referral system for individuals aged \u2265\u200918\u2009years with respiratory symptoms of \u2264\u200910\u2009days duration. Following consent, swab collection material was delivered to participants who also completed a questionnaire including self\u2010reported vaccination status. Swabs were tested by PCR for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. A test\u2010negative methodology was used to estimate influenza VE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1456 samples collected between 19 November 2021 and 3 September 2022, 73 (5%) tested positive for influenza, 38 (3%) tested positive for RSV and 394 (27%) for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. We subtyped 55% (40\/73) of the influenza positive specimens; 16\/40 (40%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09; 10\/40 (25%)A(H3N2)) and all 14\/40(35%) influenza B were B\/Victoria. Only 20% (279\/1451) of participants reported influenza\u2010like illness case definition symptoms of fever and cough. Influenza vaccine coverage was 11% (157\/1454). The overall influenza VE was 26% (95% confidence interval: \u221273%, 69%). Of the completed acceptability questionnaires, 123\/127 (97%) participants would make use of the service again; 90% (1306) were recruited via the COVID\u201019 testing centre (call in, social media, webpage), and 7% (99\/1306) through\n                      <jats:italic>CoughWatchSA<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Home\u2010based swabbing was feasible and acceptable. We were able to calculate an influenza VE, although a larger sample size and verification of vaccine status may improve the VE estimates in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:46:23Z","timestamp":1733705183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Home\u2010Based Testing as an Approach to Estimate Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in South Africa, 2021\u20132022\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Moyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mvuyo","family":"Makhazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phiwokuhle","family":"Ntombela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahima","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mignon","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BARC Laboratories  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cherie","family":"Cawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epicentre Health Research  Hillcrest South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Dueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi S.A.  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