{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:14:13Z","timestamp":1789730053582,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101003688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2020 and 2022, countries used a range of different public health and social measures (PHSMs) to reduce the transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. The impact of these PHSMs varied as the pandemic progressed, variants of concern (VOCs) emerged, vaccines rolled out and acceptance\/uptake rates evolved. In this study, we assessed the impact of PHSMs in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region during VOC phases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We relied on time series data on genome sequencing, PHSMs, health outcomes and physical contacts. Panel regression models were used to assess the association between PHSMs and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission (approximated using time\u2010varying reproduction numbers). The interpretation of these regression models was assisted by hierarchical clustering, which was used to detect the temporal co\u2010occurrence of PHSMs. Generalised linear models were used to check if PHSMs are associated with physical contacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified four phases based on the dominating VOC in the WHO European Region: wild type (before early 2021), Alpha (early to mid\u20102021), Delta (mid\u2010to\u2010late 2021) and Omicron (after late 2021). \u2018School closure\u2019, \u2018stay\u2010at\u2010home requirement\u2019 and \u2018testing policy\u2019 were consistently associated with lower transmission across VOC phases. The impact of most PHSMs varied by VOC phases without clear increasing or decreasing trends as the pandemic progressed. Several PHSMs associated with lower transmission were not associated with fewer physical contacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The impact of PHSMs evolved as the pandemic progressed\u2014although without clear trends. The specific mechanisms by which some PHSMs reduce SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission require further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T18:39:36Z","timestamp":1735238376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Public Health and Social Measures (PHSMs) on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Transmission in the WHO European Region (2020\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.\u00a0John","family":"Edmunds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Pebody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) Dashboard [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Measuring the Effectiveness and Impact of Public Health and Social Measures [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01872-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010021\u201001122\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16006.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Abbott J.Hellewell K.Sherratt K.Gostic J.Hickson andH. S.Bard \u201cEpiNow2: Estimate Real\u2010Time Case Counts and Time\u2010Varying Epidemiological Parameters \u201dZenodo(2020).","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.EpiNow2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"M20","article-title":"The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application","volume":"10","author":"Lauer S. 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