{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:16:54Z","timestamp":1784740614461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101034339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101034339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, atypical respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) circulation patterns emerged, with the occurrence of RSV activity outside the typical winter season. This study investigates the impact of COVID\u201019 and associated non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on RSV seasonality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The onset, offset and peak of RSV epidemics from 2018 to 2022 across 12 European countries were determined using the 3% positivity threshold method. A multilevel longitudinal logit regression model for proportions assessed the associations between five NPIs (school closures, mask use, workplace measures, public gathering restrictions and closure of public spaces) and RSV, utilising RSV surveillance data, two NPI databases (ECDC\u2010JRC and Oxford) and COVID\u201019 surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Before 2020, consistent RSV seasonality patterns were observed, but the seasonal increase of RSV\u2010positive cases in winter remained absent during the COVID\u201019 pandemic (2020\u20132022). Analysis revealed inconsistent associations between individual NPIs and RSV. The associations differed depending on the data source used (ECDC\u2010JRC or Oxford), not only in magnitude but also in the direction of the coefficients. Public gathering restrictions and closure of public spaces exhibited significant negative associations with RSV incidence. However, this was only observed when using surveillance data for the entire epidemiological year and not when only examining weeks with increased RSV activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the need for standardised international data collection and procedures for infectious disease modelling, as varying NPI implementations, NPI registration and RSV surveillance across countries complicate the understanding of RSV dynamics during the pandemic. Caution is recommended when interpreting the effects of NPIs on RSV circulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:44:27Z","timestamp":1737506667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Non\u2010Pharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic on RSV Seasonality in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7267-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Heemskerk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel \u2013 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Baliatsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel \u2013 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foekje","family":"Stelma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel \u2013 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1503-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Paget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel \u2013 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Spreeuwenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel \u2013 Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research  Utrecht The 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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity in Europe During the 2020\/21 Season: What Can We Expect in the Coming Summer and Autumn\/Winter?","volume":"26","author":"Summeren J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.2020. \u201cGuidelines for Non\u2010Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce the Impact of COVID\u201019 in the EU\/EEA and the UK \u201dStockholm."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.41.2101190"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control \u201cSurveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases \u201d accessed May 2 2023 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