{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:10:51Z","timestamp":1784056251265,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic altered the epidemiology of respiratory viruses other than SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. This study investigated the clinical\u2010epidemiological pattern of hospitalized pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) and influenza in Argentina, comparing prepandemic and postpandemic periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter, cross\u2010sectional study included patients under 18\u2009years old admitted for ALRIs in five tertiary centers of Argentina before (2018 and 2019) and after (2022 and 2023) COVID\u201019. Changes in viral detection rates, seasonality, and case fatality rate (CFR), along with epidemiological and clinical characteristics, were analyzed. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or RT\u2010PCR was used for virological diagnosis pre\u2010pandemic, and only RT\u2010PCR in post\u2010pandemic. Epi Info 7 and SPSS 15.0 was used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 5838 cases of ALRI were included (mean age: 9.5\u2009months; IQR: 4\u201322\u2009months); 96.6% were tested for viral detection, and 66.4% were positive (3877 cases). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most prevalent. Influenza showed typical winter seasonality in 2018, 2019, and 2023. However, 2022 exhibited a bimodal pattern: late summer and spring, with co\u2010circulation of influenza A and B in the second peak. CFR varied by viral diagnosis; influenza showed the highest CFR, all deaths related to influenza A. Among 354 influenza cases, 81% were &lt;\u20095\u2009years old, 53% were male, 63% had comorbidities, and 14.1% required intensive care. Mean of influenza vaccine coverage (6\u201324\u2009months) was 21.4%. In both periods, patients with influenza were more likely to have pneumonia. Additionally, in the postpandemic period, malnourishment or being 3\u2009years of age or older was also associated with a higher likelihood of influenza infection compared with infection with other respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza primarily affected children under 5\u2009years old. Postpandemic cases involved older individuals, and increased circulation of influenza A H3N2 was observed. Vaccination coverage was notably low. Influenza returned to its usual seasonal pattern in 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T02:25:32Z","timestamp":1739845532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Influenza Epidemiology Before and After the COVID\u201019 Pandemic in Argentina (2018\u20132019 vs. 2022\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Gentile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cRicardo Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0906-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda\u00a0del\u00a0Valle","family":"Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cRicardo Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ensinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cDr. V\u00edctor J. Vilela\u201d  Rosario Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico \u201cDr. Fernando Barreyro\u201d  Posadas Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Melonari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico \u201cDr. Humberto Notti\u201d  Mendoza Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital Nacional \u201cProfesor Alejandro Posadas\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Gioiosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital Nacional \u201cProfesor Alejandro Posadas\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Lazarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cDr. V\u00edctor J. Vilela\u201d  Rosario Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Lobertti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cDr. V\u00edctor J. Vilela\u201d  Rosario Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda\u00a0Florencia","family":"Lucion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cRicardo Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pejito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cRicardo Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Racana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Hospital de Ni\u00f1os \u201cRicardo Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico \u201cDr. Fernando Barreyro\u201d  Posadas Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases Hospital Nacional \u201cProfesor Alejandro Posadas\u201d  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.The Burden of Influenza [Internet]. Accessed May 27 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/feature\u2010stories\/detail\/the\u2010burden\u2010of\u2010influenza."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"451","volume-title":"Red Book: 2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization.Regional Update Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 19 (17 May 2024).2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00496-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30545-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Estad\u00edsticas Vitales. Informaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica. Argentina\u2014A\u00f1o 2022. Serie 5 N\u00famero 66 [Internet]","author":"Direcci\u00f3n de Estad\u00edsticas e Informaci\u00f3n en Salud","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04645-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03968-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","article-title":"Laboratory Test Utilization and Rates of Respiratory Viral Infections During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study of Pediatric Patients","volume":"102","author":"Hymas W.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"e258","article-title":"Delayed Seasonal RSV Surge Observed During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Agha R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae069"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Surveillance in School Children Seen at a Children's Hospital Over 2 Months of the Second Semester of 2021","volume":"120","author":"Orqueda A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archivos Argentinos de Pediatr\u00eda"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"2586","article-title":"COVID\u201019 Pandemic: Impact Caused by School Closure and National Lockdown on Pediatric Visits and Admissions for Viral and Non\u2010Viral Infections, a Time Series Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Angoulvant F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Position Paper on the Immune Debt of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic in Childhood: How Can We Fill the Immunity Gap?","volume":"51","author":"Cohen R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2022.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud Argentina Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda.Bolet\u00edn Integrado de Vigilancia. N\u00b0701 SE 16.2024. Disponible en:https:\/\/www.argentina.gob.ar\/sites\/default\/files\/2024\/04\/ben_701_se_16_vf.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Department of Health and Aged Care. Australian Government.Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity Updates. 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A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","article-title":"Global Synchronization and Seasonality in Human Influenza","volume":"14","author":"Meredith G. R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","article-title":"The 2022\u20132023 Influenza Season and Its Synchronization With Global Patterns","volume":"17","author":"Budd A. P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208772109"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","article-title":"Global Patterns in Seasonal Activity of Influenza A\/H3N2, A\/H1N1, and B From 1997 to 2005: A Spatiotemporal Perspective","volume":"4","author":"Finkelman B. S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"A Review of Influenza Modelling Studies","volume":"1","author":"Mathews J. D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T16:52:29Z","timestamp":1741625549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.70078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.70078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.70078","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70078\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70078\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70078\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70078\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70078\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70078"}}