{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:48:58Z","timestamp":1780368538108,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Influenza A outbreak risk is impacted by the potential for importation and local transmission. Reconstructing transmission history with phylogenetic analysis of genetic sequences can help assess outbreak risk but relies on regular collection of genetic sequences. Few influenza genetic sequences are collected in Japan, which makes phylogenetic analysis challenging, especially in rural, remote settings. We generated influenza A genetic sequences from nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) samples collected using rapid influenza diagnostic tests and used them to analyze the transmission dynamics of influenza in a remote island in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We generated 229 whole genome sequences of influenza A\/H3N2 collected during 2011\/12 and 2012\/13 influenza seasons in Kamigoto Island, Japan, of which 178 sequences passed the quality check. We built time\u2010resolved phylogenetic trees from hemagglutinin sequences to classify the circulating clades by comparing the Kamigoto sequences to global sequences. Spatiotemporal transmission patterns were then analyzed for the largest local clusters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a time\u2010resolved phylogenetic tree, we showed that the sequences clustered in six independent transmission groups (1 in 2011\/12, 5 in 2012\/13). Sequences were closely related to strains from mainland Japan. All 2011\/12 strains were identified as clade 3C.2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929), while 2012\/13 strains fell into two clades: clade 3C.2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009129) and 3C.3a (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920). Clusters reported in 2012\/13 circulated simultaneously in the same regions. The spatiotemporal analysis of the largest cluster revealed that while the first sequences were reported in the busiest district of Kamigoto, the later sequences were scattered across the island.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kamigoto Island was exposed to repeated importations of Influenza A(H3N2), mostly from mainland Japan, sometimes leading to local transmission and ultimately outbreaks. As independent groups of sequences overlapped in time and space, cases may be wrongly allocated to the same transmission group in the absence of genomic surveillance, thereby underestimating the risk of importations. Our analysis highlights how NPS could be used to better understand influenza transmission patterns in little\u2010studied settings and improve influenza surveillance in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T17:27:08Z","timestamp":1741714028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phylogenetic Study of Local Patterns Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Transmission in a Semi\u2010Isolated Population in a Remote Island in Japan Between 2011 and 2013"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1052-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su\u00a0Myat","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"National Center for Infectious Disease  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teiichiro","family":"Shiino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Sciences National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"AIDS Research Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shingo","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kamigoto Hospital  Kamigoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Furuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Virology Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Yasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kamigoto Hospital  Kamigoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kamigoto Hospital  Kamigoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiri","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kamigoto Hospital  Kamigoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Oita University  Yufu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiano","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street  London UK"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene &amp; 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