{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:03:52Z","timestamp":1789085032239,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disruptions in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity were observed in different countries following the 2009 influenza pandemic. Given the limited use of non\u2010pharmaceutical interventions, these disruptions provide an opportunity to probe viral interference due to the out\u2010of\u2010season epidemics. The objectives of the study are twofold: to characterize atypical RSV activity in the United States (US) and to explore the mechanisms underlying changes in RSV epidemics following the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory\u2010confirmed RSV cases across 10 US regions from June 2007 to July 2019 were analyzed. A dynamic time warping method was used to characterize RSV activity in different seasons. A two\u2010pathogen model was constructed to explore viral interference mechanisms. A sampling\u2013importance\u2013resampling method was applied to estimate the effects of viral interference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that RSV activity was reduced following the influenza pandemic in the 2009\/10 season across all regions in the US. By contrast, we found an enhanced but delayed RSV epidemic across the US in the 2010\/11 season. Using a mathematical model, we explored three potential viral interference mechanisms that could explain the change of RSV activity following the pandemic. The pandemic influenza may interfere with RSV to reduce susceptibility to RSV coinfection, or shorten the RSV infectious period, or decrease RSV infectivity in co\u2010infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides statistical evidence for atypical RSV seasons following the influenza pandemic in the US and sheds light on viral interference mechanisms affecting RSV epidemics, offering a model\u2010fitting framework for analyzing surveillance data at the population level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T04:04:37Z","timestamp":1745553877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Role of Viral Interference in Shaping RSV Epidemics Following the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1252-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deus","family":"Thindwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1178-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel\u00a0M.","family":"Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia\u00a0E.","family":"Pitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181812c8e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1894351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.41779"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","article-title":"Impact of the 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic Wave on the Pattern of Hibernal Respiratory Virus Epidemics, France, 2009","volume":"15","author":"Casalegno J. S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Surveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00323.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00881\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516698112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1845"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.830423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2021.100460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. C.Kramer J.\u2010S.Casalegno andM.Domenech de Cell\u00e8s \u201cCharacterizing the Epidemiological Interactions Between Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses and Their Implications for Epidemic Control [Internet] \u201d bioRxiv (2022) Available from:https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2022.11.29.22282872.abstract.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.29.22282872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20544-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013182117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522376113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2011.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-017-0304-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01867-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsm.2023.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.953150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13562-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Li J.Hamrin D. 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E.Pitzer \u201cUnraveling the Role of Viral Interference in Disrupting Biennial RSV Epidemics in Northern Stockholm \u201d medRxiv [Internet] (2024) Available from:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.08.09.24310749.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.09.24310749"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T04:15:36Z","timestamp":1745554536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.70111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.70111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.70111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70111\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70111\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70111\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70111\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70111\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.02.25.24303336","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70111"}}