{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:01:56Z","timestamp":1785787316561,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To enhance influenza vaccine efficacy, it is essential to investigate new adjuvants that are both safe and effective. In a recent study utilizing a mouse model, Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG\u2010PSN) emerged as a promising candidate vaccine adjuvant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of BCG\u2010PSN on influenza vaccines hemagglutinin antigen and aluminum adjuvant as controls. Mice were immunized with H1N1 antigen and adjuvants, and serum antibody levels were measured using hemagglutination inhibition, enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay, and microneutralization assays. Flow cytometry and enzyme\u2010linked immunospot assays assessed T cell phenotypes and cytokine expression. The protective effects were tested through challenge experiments, and the adjuvants were further evaluated in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BCG\u2010PSN adjuvant exhibited favorable safety profiles and demonstrated an ability to elevate total antibody titers, particularly enhancing neutralizing antibody production when co\u2010administered with the H1N1 antigen. BCG\u2010PSN increased cytokine levels and the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, indicating its capacity to enhance cellular immunity. Upon viral challenge in mice, BCG\u2010PSN mitigated the production of inflammatory factors and reduced lung pathology, effectively protecting the mice. Furthermore, BCG\u2010PSN displayed heightened immunogenicity against a mixture of four antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>BCG\u2010PSN is a reliable and efficient adjuvant for influenza vaccines, holding promise for enhancing vaccine efficacy and increasing immune responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T01:14:46Z","timestamp":1746666886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid as an Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccines in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sijing","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 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