{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:02:37Z","timestamp":1789966957998,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic focused attention on airborne\u2010inhalation transmission and building ventilation. However, investment in solutions lags because few epidemiologic studies demonstrate a causal effect of ventilation on acute respiratory infection (ARI) transmission. This highlights a need for improved study designs to support causal inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the potential for causal inference, we analyzed prospective cohorts residing in a high\u2010ventilation (HVent, \u2265\u20095\u2009L\/s per person) or a neighboring low\u2010ventilation (LVent, &lt;\u20095\u2009L\/s per person) college residence hall during two spring semesters (2018 and 2019). Swab samples, analyzed using a PCR panel for respiratory pathogens, were collected based on self\u2010reported symptoms and contacts. Our analysis focused on roommate pairs where both had been tested within a 2\u2010week period. Roommate pairs with concordant positive PCR results were categorized as possible transmission events. We used genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to identify probable transmission clusters and events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 368 cohort participants (82 HVent and 286 LVent), including 60 person\u2010infections, with a trend toward 54% lower ARI risk among students living in HVent versus LVent residence halls. We identified 97 roommate pairs, 64 two\u2010week intervals where both members were tested, 36 (2 HVent and 34 LVent) intervals with \u2265\u20091 infection, and four possible transmission events (all LVent). Sequence data available for two of the four events confirmed one probable transmission cluster and one probable transmission event.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future college dorm transmission studies should prioritize enrolling roommates rather than individuals, measuring ventilation, and confirming transmission events through whole genome sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T23:23:47Z","timestamp":1751498627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Ventilation on Respiratory Virus Transmission in College Residence Hall Cohorts: Potential for Causal Inference About Mode of Transmission"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"T.\u00a0Louis","family":"Gold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen\u00a0M.","family":"McPhaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8355-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Doughty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina\u00a0Maljkovic","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases Branch Walter Reed Army Institute of Research  Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filbert","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyu","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd\u00a0J.","family":"Treangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Rice University  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Rice University  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Srebric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Maryland School of Engineering  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0550-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald\u00a0K.","family":"Milton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global, Environmental, and Occupational Health University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"W.Bahnfleth M.Sherman A.Abate et\u00a0al. Control of Infectious Aerosols. Published Online 2023. Accessed August 22 2023 https:\/\/ashrae.iwrapper.com\/ASHRAE_PREVIEW_ONLY_STANDARDS\/STD_241_2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20102600(23)00229\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Indoor Airborne Risk Assessment in the Context of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102: Description of Airborne Transmission Mechanism and Method to Develop a New Standardized Model for Risk Assessment. World Health Organization; (2024) https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/376346."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X16631596"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201038825\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102021\u2010059809"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201036986\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12837"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00128\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. M.Berry T.Treangen C.Fung et\u00a0al. High Confidence Identification of Intra\u2010Host Single Nucleotide Variants for Person\u2010To\u2010Person Influenza Transmission Tracking in Congregate Settings. Published Online July 2 2021 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.07.01.450528.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.01.450528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Airborne Infection, Transmission and Control","author":"Riley R. 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