{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1789966886354,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#5U01CK000542\u201002\u201000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#5U01CK000542\u201002\u201000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#6U01CK000630\u201001\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#6U01CK000630\u201001\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008028","name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Responding to the COVID\u201019 pandemic, kindergarten through 12th grade schools implemented nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). The effects of school\u2010based NPIs on broader community levels of acute respiratory infection (ARI) have not been defined. We utilized an existing longitudinal cohort of households reporting weekly ARI cases to evaluate the effects of evolving school districtwide NPIs on ARI activity at eight transition points from December 2019 through October 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Household ARI data were reported through the GReat Oregon Child Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) Vaccine Effectiveness Study\u2014a prospective cohort study based in the Oregon School District (OSD) (GROVES). Participating GROVES families completed weekly online surveys with respiratory illness updates. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to examine the association between eight school\u2010related transition events during the COVID\u201019 pandemic and changes in the trajectory of ARI risk for GROVES family members, while accounting for family clusters. Transition events were assessed using a \u00b14\u2010week window of community data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Opening schools with maximal NPIs (mandated masking and physical distancing, with hybrid education) was not associated with increased community ARI activity. The four transition events associated with significant ARI risk trajectory increases included summer breaks (June 2020,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001; June 2021,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), and the start of school with mandatory masking only (September 2021,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) or without NPIs (September 2022,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>School\u2010based NPI implementation was associated with reduced risks for community ARI activity. Enhanced surveillance platforms such as the weekly online surveys used in this study are valuable tools for better understanding and monitoring SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and respiratory virus transmission in schools and surrounding communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:34:17Z","timestamp":1752467657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of K\u201012 School District Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Community\u2010Level Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.\u00a0D.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Uzicanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7097-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.\u00a0L.","family":"Temte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6601a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cNon\u2010Pharmaceutical Public Health Measures for Mitigating the Risk and Impact of Epidemic and Pandemic Influenza; 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