{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:03:25Z","timestamp":1789153405879,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Licensed influenza vaccines primarily target hemagglutinin (HA)\u2010related immunity, but neuraminidase (NA)\u2010based immunity is gaining attention as an independent correlate of protection. Inactivated influenza vaccines contain unspecified quantities of residual NA, with limited understanding of the resulting antibody induction and durability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a systematic literature review across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , and Trialtrove to identify studies reporting NA\u2010related immunity following influenza vaccination. Primary outcomes included pre\u2010existing and post\u2010vaccination NA\u2010inhibiting (NAI) antibody titers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of 40 articles, predominantly examining split\u2010virus vaccines, revealed NAI antibody titers increased 5\u20137\u2010fold at days 8\u201330 post\u2010vaccination compared to baseline across all three NA (sub)types. NAI antibody geometric mean titers showed greater variability against N1 and N2 than against influenza B virus NAs. No significant differences in pre\u2010vaccination and post\u2010vaccination NAI antibody titers were observed between adults (18\u201364\u2009years) and the elderly (\u2265\u200965\u2009years) for the N1 subtype. However, statistical differences were observed post\u2010vaccination (days 8\u201330) between these age groups for N2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) and NB (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) (sub)types. NAI antibody responses remained durable, persisting at 2\u201316\u2010fold above pre\u2010vaccination levels through days 91\u2013180.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current influenza vaccines induce durable NAI responses in adults for up to 6\u2009months. These findings provide valuable insights into pre\u2010vaccination and post\u2010vaccination responses to residual NA, which can guide future vaccine development strategies. Enhanced understanding of NA immunogenicity should inform public health approaches to improve global influenza prevention and control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T01:04:25Z","timestamp":1765328665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Vardhini","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi R&amp;D Vaccines Waltham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Iampietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi R&amp;D Vaccines Waltham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saranya","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi Vaccines Reading UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00a0P.","family":"Goncalvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi R&amp;D Vaccines Waltham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cGlobal Influenza Programme \u2013 Burden of Disease \u201d accessed July 13 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global\u2010influenza\u2010programme\/surveillance\u2010and\u2010monitoring\/burden\u2010of\u2010disease."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.786617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043059-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01011-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4549-0_35"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2004.17.609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023314029788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199909167399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00127-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-9571(80)90061-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Comparison of the Antigenicity and Tolerance of an Influenza Aluminum\u2010Oxide Adsorbate Vaccine With an Aqueous Vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Pressler K.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmatherapeutica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Neuraminidase Antibodies in Serum and Nasal Washings After Immunization by Means of Live and Killed Whole Virion, Split Virion and Subunit (HA and N) Influenza Vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Kuwert E. 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