{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:31:51Z","timestamp":1791952311142,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU51IP000930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU51IP000930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01IP001048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01IP001048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01IP001048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01IP001048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV\u2010018978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV\u2010018978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonpharmaceutical interventions, implemented during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, affected the transmission of other respiratory pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematically collected respiratory illness surveillance data and consistent case definitions were used to describe changes in influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)\u2013associated outpatient visits and hospitalisations in South Africa during the first 3\u2009years of the COVID\u201019 pandemic relative to a pre\u2010COVID\u201019 pandemic period (2017\u20132019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2020, influenza circulation almost ceased. In 2021 an out\u2010of\u2010season circulation was observed with a return to prepandemic timing, albeit with a higher peak in 2022. During the pandemic period, influenza\u2010associated influenza\u2010like illness (ILI) was more common in those aged \u2265\u20095\u2009years compared to &lt;\u20096\u2009months. Patients with influenza\u2010associated severe respiratory illness (SRI) were less likely to be \u2265\u200945\u2009years versus &lt;\u20096\u2009months and less likely to be admitted to ICU (aOR 0.2, 95% CI 0.04\u20130.8).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>RSV circulation declined at the start of the pandemic, with an out\u2010of\u2010season spring resurgence in 2020 followed by a return to prepandemic timing in 2021 and a higher peak in 2022. During the pandemic, compared to the prepandemic period, patients with RSV\u2010associated SRI were more likely to be aged 1\u20134\u2009years (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2\u20131.8) versus &lt;\u20096\u2009months and less likely to be admitted to ICU (aOR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3\u20130.8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report low levels of influenza circulation and out\u2010of\u2010season RSV circulation in 2020 with changes in the age distribution of cases and risk of ICU admission. Return to prepandemic timing was earlier for RSV, with higher seasonal peaks for influenza\u2010associated ILI and RSV\u2010associated SRI in 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1768187701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in the Epidemiology of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus During 2020\u20132022 Relative to the Pre\u2010COVID\u201019 Pandemic Period (2017\u20132020) From Systematic Sentinel Syndromic Surveillance in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School 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