{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:28:35Z","timestamp":1777984115811,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HS025584\u201001A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HS025584\u201001A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to identify symptoms that predict a high likelihood of viral infection, so these patients could be triaged for home care to avoid antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We recruited adults presenting to US primary or urgent care sites with a chief complaint of cough and symptoms consistent with LRTI. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, and 46 viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens by PCR. Chi\u2010square tests were done to evaluate the association between individual symptoms and viral versus bacterial infections. Symptoms with a\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.10 for the association were retained for logistic regression. We created four regression models using stepwise backward elimination at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.20, with viral infection, bacterial infection, and mixed infection as the dependent variables. A simple risk score was created assigning positive and negative points for viral and bacterial symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 718 adults with acute cough and obtained valid PCR specimens for 618. Four symptoms were significantly more likely with viral infections and less common in bacterial: coryza, confusion, fever, and chest congestion. Three symptoms were more likely with bacterial infections and less likely with viral infections: presence of sputum, sputum that is colored, and double\u2010sickening (feeling better but then worsening). A simple risk score identified patients with a low (29%), moderate (56%), or high (79%) likelihood of having only viral pathogens detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven symptoms were identified that could help primary care clinicians distinguish between viral and bacterial LRTI. A simple risk score is proposed but requires prospective validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T03:51:12Z","timestamp":1773633072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Symptoms Associated With Detection of Viral Versus Bacterial Pathogens in Outpatients With Lower Respiratory Infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3228-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Ebell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan\u00a0J.","family":"Merenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Georgetown University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Urology Cincinnati Children's Hospital  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875\u2010022\u201001675\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.151364"},{"issue":"498","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"A Diagnostic Rule for the Aetiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections as Guidance for Antimicrobial Treatment","volume":"54","author":"Graffelman A. W.","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of General Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.2.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jlprr.2014.01.00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cms059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2022.AP.220056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29434"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70229","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.70229","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:21:13Z","timestamp":1774516873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.70229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.70229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.70229","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70229\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70229\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70229"}}