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Our findings revealed the key role of swans in the initial virus incursions, the central role of synanthropic bird species as the bridge hosts at the wild\u2010domestic interface, and provided evidence of sustained circulation in both wild and domestic birds of viruses carrying mammalian\u2010adaptive mutations. Overall, our results highlight a complex, multi\u2010host transmission dynamic at the wildlife\u2013domestic interface and underscore the value of a One Health, genomics\u2010informed surveillance approach, explicitly including synanthropic species, to reconstruct transmission pathways and refine control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:38:50Z","timestamp":1781606330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host Species Contribution to the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the 2024\u20132025 H5N1 Epidemic in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5067-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Savegnago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie  (Padua) 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