{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:21:28Z","timestamp":1787959288171,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003526","name":"Department of Agriculture, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adding to the global burden of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, five HPAI H7 outbreaks occurred globally in 2024. Of these, three occurred in South\u2010East Australia, with the independent emergence of HPAI H7N9, H7N8 and H7N3, resulting in the destruction of 2 million poultry. Historical data demonstrate that H7 outbreaks in Australia do not occur randomly; rather, there is a strong association between the timing of the previous H7 outbreaks and rainfall patterns in South\u2010Eastern Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to address a hypothesis wherein prior to H7 outbreaks in poultry, there was a detectable change in H7 prevalence and\/or virus diversity in wild bird populations. We addressed this using virological data from wild captured ducks, hunted ducks, as well as faecal environmental samples collected in South\u2010Eastern Australia from 2020 to 2024. We also interrogated changes in seroprevalence using both a commercial anti\u2010NP ELISA as well as haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assays against H7.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the collection of thousands of samples, there was only weak evidence to support our hypothesis, which provides strong incentive to evaluate current surveillance approaches for the purposes of risk prediction. However, in alignment with a previous analysis, there is strong support for a relationship between H7 outbreak probability and rainfall patterns across South\u2010East Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, improved understanding of the ecology and evolution of H5 and H7 viruses in wild bird reservoirs is pivotal to global disease preparedness and response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:26:22Z","timestamp":1782995182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ecology of Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H7 in Wild Birds in South\u2010Eastern Australia Prior to Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H7 in Poultry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5629-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Wille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Pathogen Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-7882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Eden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Australia  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ban de Gouvea Pedroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Australia  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian G.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Crawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries and Regions  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeelee","family":"Driver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City and Environment Directorate  Canberra Australia Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries and Regions  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter D.","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute  Menangle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Mee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8108-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Neave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness  Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"O'Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute  Menangle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness  Geelong Victoria 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