{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:35:26Z","timestamp":1786545326680,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In late 2024, a major human metapneumovirus (HMPV) outbreak in China caused widespread pneumonia and thousands of hospitalizations, drawing global attention to this virus. In Senegal, a concomitant rise in HMPV detections was observed in both community and hospital settings. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, genomic diversity, and the evolutionary dynamics of HMPV strains circulating in Senegal over 7\u2009years of integrated community\u2010 and hospital\u2010based surveillance (2018\u20132024).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharyngeal samples were tested using multiplex real\u2010time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A subset of HMPV isolates underwent sequencing, followed by phylogenetic and Bayesian evolutionary analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HMPV was detected in 3.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919,204) of tested specimens. The highest positivity rate was observed among infants aged \u2264\u200911\u2009months (31.2%), with decreasing rates in older age groups. Following COVID\u201019 related disruptions, HMPV circulation re\u2010established a seasonal pattern after 2022, peaking during the rainy season. Genomic analyses revealed sustained cocirculation of sublineages A2b1, A2b2, B1, and B2, with periodic lineage replacement every 1\u20133\u2009years. Genetic variability was predominantly observed in the G glycoprotein, with evidence of positive selection at codons 102, 153, 167, 169, 179, 181, and 202. Estimated evolutionary rates were 9.30\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      substitutions per site per year for HMPV\u2010A and 9.86\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      substitutions per site per year for HMPV\u2010B. Phylogeographic analyses indicate that HMPV epidemics in Senegal are driven by repeated introductions and ongoing exchange with other regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate sustained circulation and dynamic turnover of pre\u2010existing sublineages rather than the emergence of a novel variant within the population, especially in infants aged \u2264\u200911\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:35:54Z","timestamp":1782858954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology, Genomic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Metapneumovirus Over 7\u2009Years of Integrated Community\u2010 and Hospital\u2010Based Sentinel Surveillance in Senegal, 2018\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamadou Malado","family":"Jallow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Aliou","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndeye Awa","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Pedepa","family":"Mendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mareme Seye","family":"Thiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safi\u00e9tou","family":"Sankhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samba Niang","family":"Sagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndiende Koba","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seynabou Mbaye Ba Souna","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndaraw","family":"Diack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Goudiaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Loucoubar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department Institut Pasteur de Dakar  Dakar Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou 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