{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:49:54Z","timestamp":1791967794945,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01IP001048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01IP001048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate detection of RSV infections is important to understand epidemiology. We estimated symptomatic fraction and shedding duration of reverse\u2010transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR)\u2010confirmed cases and compared RSV detection through molecular and serologic techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled healthy children aged 6\u201323\u2009months in a prospective cohort study, from May to October 2022, collecting thrice\u2010weekly mid\u2010turbinate nasal swabs for RSV RT\u2010PCR testing. We collected serum at baseline and end of follow\u2010up and detected anti\u2010RSV IgG using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multipathogen bead\u2010based immunoassay (MIA). We ascertained symptoms by twice\u2010weekly nurse visits, and daily caregiver symptom diaries. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive value of RT\u2010PCR, ELISA, and MIA compared to a standard (two or more assays\u2010positive) among children with paired sera and baseline blood preceding an RT\u2010PCR\u2013confirmed episode.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RSV season started mid\u2010February 2022. We enrolled 93 participants; 87 (94%) followed to the final study visit. Forty individuals had one or more RT\u2010PCR\u2013confirmed RSV infection, and six of them had a repeat episode. One\u2010or\u2010more symptom was reported from 54% (25\/46) of RT\u2010PCR\u2013confirmed episodes, fever in 26% (12\/46), and cough in 37% (17\/46). Median RNA shedding duration was 7\u2009days (IQR = 4\u201311\u2009days). Among 80 children meeting criteria, ELISA and MIA each had &gt;\u200992% sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV while RT\u2010PCR had 78% (95% CI = 61%\u201390%) sensitivity, 98% (95% CI = 88\u2013100%) specificity, 97% (95% CI = 82%\u2013100%) PPV, and 84% (95% CI = 71%\u201393%) NPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately half of RSV episodes were symptomatic. Serology had a high sensitivity and specificity for infection identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T07:18:55Z","timestamp":1787815135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory Syncytial Virus Symptomatic Fraction, Shedding and Detection in Children Aged 6\u201323\u2009Months in South Africa in 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mignon","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Martinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit, MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV\/AIDS and TB University of the Witwatersrand  Witwatersrand South Africa"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Moyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7647-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mvuyo","family":"Makhasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahima","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myrna","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Tempia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"MassGenics  Duluth Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4884-7153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tumelo","family":"Moloantoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit, MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV\/AIDS and TB University of the Witwatersrand  Witwatersrand South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bekiwe","family":"Ncwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit, MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV\/AIDS and TB University of the Witwatersrand  Witwatersrand South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Phalatse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit, MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV\/AIDS and TB University of the Witwatersrand  Witwatersrand South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorens","family":"Maake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Buys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-4910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Labuschagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0172-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cayla","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-7673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilhelmina","family":"Ubbink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nokuthula","family":"Linda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4191-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Leidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0298-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Azziz","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Kleynhans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02853-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit479"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44275-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"P. K.Munywoki \u201cTransmission of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Households: Who Acquires Infection From Whom? \u201d The Open University (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(22)00291\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216480"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00455-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00141-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00069-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit828"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"WHO \u201cInternational standard 1st international standard for Antiseurm to Respiratory Syncytial virus (NIBSC code: 16\/284). Natl. Inst. Biol. Stand. Control Potters Bar United Kingdom NIBSC \u201d Available onlinehttps:\/\/nibsc.org\/documents\/ifu\/16\u2010284.pdf. (Accessed 5 December 2025) (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197602192940803"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(76)80918-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.06.011"}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70308","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.70308","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:16:05Z","timestamp":1791965765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.70308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.70308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.70308","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70308"}}