{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:49:59Z","timestamp":1791967799406,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Influenza Resp Viruses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>H5Nx goose\/Guangdong (Gs\/GD) lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses pose a significant public health threat due to their global spread, mutation accumulation, and expanding host range. The descendant clade 2.3.4.4b has been causing widespread infections in birds and increasing spillover events in mammals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This report documents the first fatal case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection in a domestic cat in Italy, detected in early January 2025. The cat (CAT 1) resided on a backyard poultry farm experiencing a high pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak and succumbed rapidly following the onset of respiratory signs. A second exposed cat (CAT 2) developed clinical disease without fatal outcome. Comprehensive outbreak investigations were conducted, including pathological, serological, molecular analyses, and genomic characterization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathological examination of CAT 1 revealed acute necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, non\u2010suppurative meningoencephalitis, and disseminated foci of hepatic necrosis. Interestingly, the PB2\u2010E627K mutation associated with mammalian virus adaptation was observed in the feline viral isolate compared to avian isolates. Such polymerase complex mutations are key determinants of host range and increase pathogenicity in mammals. CAT 2 from the same farm tested negative for AIV genome detection but subsequently seroconverted for antibodies against NPA, H5, and N1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sharing these findings is crucial for surveillance aimed at enabling early identification of increased risks to human and animal health, preventing cross\u2010species viral transmission and mitigating the risk of potential spillover events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:24:47Z","timestamp":1788301487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Domestic Cats During an Avian Influenza Outbreak in Italy: Implications for One Health Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"D'Annunzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0874-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Bortolami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Diegoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Health Authority, Emilia\u2010Romagna Region  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Gelmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Rita","family":"Gibelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3093-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, CRREM IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lilliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Loli","family":"Piccolomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Health Authority, Emilia\u2010Romagna Region  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Maroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for animal health Ministry of health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Health Authority, Emilia\u2010Romagna Region  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Health Authority, Emilia\u2010Romagna Region  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Vera","family":"Muscatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Monne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Prezzemolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Ravaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Resi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ruocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for animal health Ministry of health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele Ottavio","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5067-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Savegnago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sordilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for animal health Ministry of health  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Terregino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for avian influenza &amp; Newcastle Disease IZSVe  Legnaro Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Tolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Merialdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201008054\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201038415\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(24)00438\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3003.231098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.230188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2023.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3012.240154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20102659.2010.00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7664\u2010060906R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20102659.2009.00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985\u2010015\u20100250\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201064003\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2017.22.1.30435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01109\u201009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.044503\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Illumina DNA Prep Reference Guide","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"Protocollo di Real\u2010Time RT\u2010PCR Multiplex per la Simultanea Rilevazione e Differenziazione dei Virus Influenzali di tipo A\/B e del SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","author":"ISS \u2010 Centro Nazionale OMS per l'Influenza Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2023.28.35.2300441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0346-8_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262\u2010019\u201001700\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"Focolai di Influenza Aviaria da Sottotipo H5N1: Informazione e Indicazioni","author":"Italian Ministry of Health \u2010 General Directorate of Health Prevention","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Provvedimento del Ministero Della Salute. Oggetto: Influenza Aviaria ad Alta Patogenicit\u00e0 H5N1 \u2013Dispositivo Recante Misure di Controllo e Sorveglianza per Prevenire L'introduzione e la Diffusione Dell'influenza Aviaria","author":"DGSAF","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Nota RER_HPAI_MISURE DI CONTROLLO E SORVEGLIANZA PER PREVENIRE L'INTRODUZIONE E L'ULTERIORE DIFFUSIONE DELL'INFLUENZA AVIARIA SUL TERRITORIO REGIONALE","author":"Regione Emilia Romagna","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","volume-title":"Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020\/687 of 17 December 2019 Supplementing Regulation (EU) 2016\/429 of the European Parliament and the Council, as Regards Rules for the Prevention and Control of Certain Listed Diseases","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2023\/2447 of 24 October 2023 Concerning Emergency Measures in Relation to Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Certain Member States"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010019\u20100143\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1302.060608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.240583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"WHO Disease Outbreack News(World Health Organization 2024) https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease\u2010outbreak\u2010news\/item\/2024\u2010DON512."}],"container-title":["Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70311","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/irv.70311","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/irv.70311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:16:24Z","timestamp":1791965784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/irv.70311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/irv.70311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.70311","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70311\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70311\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/IRV.70311\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1750-2640","1750-2659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-2640","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70311"}}