{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:57:16Z","timestamp":1785769036434,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Wound Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers can have vital consequences, such as amputation for patients. The primary purpose of this study is to predict the amputation risk of diabetic foot patients using machine\u2010learning classification algorithms. In this research, 407 patients treated with the diagnosis of diabetic foot between January 2009\u2013September 2019 in Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine in the Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine were retrospectively evaluated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify the key features associated with the amputation risk in diabetic foot patients within the dataset. Thus, various prediction\/classification models were created to predict the \u201coverall\u201d risk of diabetic foot patients. Predictive machine\u2010learning models were created using various algorithms. Additionally to optimize the hyperparameters of the Random Forest Algorithm (RF), experimental use of Bayesian Optimization (BO) has been employed. The sub\u2010dimension data set comprising categorical and numerical values was subjected to a feature selection procedure. Among all the algorithms tested under the defined experimental conditions, the BO\u2010optimized \u201cRF\u201d based on the hybrid approach (PCA\u2010RF\u2010BO) and \u201cLogistic Regression\u201d algorithms demonstrated superior performance with 85% and 90% test accuracies, respectively. In conclusion, our findings would serve as an essential benchmark, offering valuable guidance in reducing such hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T01:31:15Z","timestamp":1705368675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prediction of amputation risk of patients with diabetic foot using classification algorithms: A clinical study from a tertiary center"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7343-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denizhan","family":"Demirkol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University  Ayd\u0131n Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5057-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem Sel\u00e7ukcan","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Division of Botany &amp; Department of Informatics Istanbul University  \u0130stanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Tannier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratoire d'Informatique M\u00e9dicale et d'Ing\u00e9nierie des connaissances en e\u2010Sant\u00e9, LIMICS Sorbonne Universit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuncay","family":"\u00d6zcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Management Engineering Department Istanbul Technical University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eamil","family":"Akta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine Istanbul University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Data mining and statistics: what's the connection?","volume":"29","author":"Friedman JH","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput Sci Stat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004\u20103702(02)00357\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Yapay \u00d6\u011frenme | Introduction to Machine Learning","author":"Alpayd\u0131n E","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23756-1_147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20100394.2008.00480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219833120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2018.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/for.2652"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus using statistical methods and machine learning algorithms","volume":"36","author":"Pekel E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sigma J Eng Nat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85626-7_69"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458217751015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"WHO.Diabetes Mellitus.2010; Accessed February 20 2019https:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs138\/en\/.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/kd.2015.29"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Focusing on diabetic ulcers","volume":"21","author":"Setacci C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734617707081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2015.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1677\u20105449.008916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Surgical Management of Diabetic Foot","volume":"16","author":"Meggit B","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078100200202"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Classification of diabetic foot wounds","volume":"35","author":"Lawrence AL","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.7.704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14\u20101598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973\u20103930.50707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S25309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/j.aott.2022.22052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096\u20109136(199809)15:9<765::AID\u2010DIA663>3.0.CO;2\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525\u20101497.1997.07108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103616"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases","volume":"17","author":"Fayyad U","year":"1996","journal-title":"AI Mag"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing.2018. R foundation for statistical Vienna Austria.https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","unstructured":"RStudio Team.RStudio: Integrated Development for RStudio.2020.http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/. Accessed August 18 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"Chapman & Hall\/CRC Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series","author":"Torgo L","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11494669_93"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010319\u201010247\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","article-title":"Factoextra: Extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses","author":"Kassambara A","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Package Version 1.0.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.16036.19848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010642\u201037846\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.07.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25566-3_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"2171","article-title":"DEAP: evolutionary algorithms made easy","volume":"12","author":"Fortin F\u2010A","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","unstructured":"ClaesenM SimmJ PopovicD et al.Easy hyperparameter search using optunity. ArXiv14121114 Cs2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76917-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2009.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_3752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Scikit\u2010learn: machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa F","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mach Learn Python"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","unstructured":"Anaconda Software Distribution [Internet].Anaconda Documentation. Anaconda Inc.; 2020.https:\/\/docs.anaconda.com\/Accessed August 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","unstructured":"Chollet F others.Keras [Internet]. GitHub; 2015. Available from:https:\/\/github.com\/fchollet\/keras."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","first-page":"230","volume-title":"Kronik Yarada G\u00fcncel Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar","author":"Mutluo\u011flu M","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/078816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09\u20100831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/1010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","unstructured":"WickhamH BryanJ.Readxl: Read Excel Files.2023.https:\/\/readxl.tidyverse.org https:\/\/github.com\/tidyverse\/readxl. Accessed June 2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","unstructured":"TorgoL.Data mining with R learning with case studies 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall\/CRC.2016.http:\/\/ltorgo.github.io\/DMwR2. Accessed August 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"KaplanJ.Fast creation of dummy (binary) columns and rows from categorical variables [R package fast Dummies version 1.6.3].2020https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=fastDummies. Accessed May 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v046.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","unstructured":"MayerM.Split Tools: Tools for data splitting (0.3.1).2021https:\/\/CRAN.Rproject.org\/package=split. Tools Accessed July 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","article-title":"R package 'corrplot': Visualization of a correlation matrix","author":"Wei T","year":"2021","journal-title":"Version 0.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","article-title":"R part: Recursive Partitioning","author":"Therneau T","year":"2013","journal-title":"R Package Version 4.1\u20103.21"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by random Forest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw A","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2011-012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Misc functions of the department of statistics (e1071), TU Wien","volume":"1","author":"Dimitriadou E","year":"2008","journal-title":"R package"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","unstructured":"VenablesWN RipleyBD.Modern Applied Statistics with S 4th edition.Springer New York.2002. ISBN 0\u2010387\u201095457\u20100 https:\/\/www.stats.ox.ac.uk\/pub\/MASS4\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","article-title":"kernlab: Kernel\u2010based machine learning lab","author":"Karatzoglou A","year":"2023","journal-title":"R package version 0.9\u201032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","article-title":"elmNNRcpp: The extreme learning machine algorithm","author":"Mouselimis L","year":"2022","journal-title":"R package version 1.0.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Package \u2018xgboost","volume":"90","author":"Chen T","year":"2019","journal-title":"R version"}],"container-title":["International Wound Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/iwj.14556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:23:19Z","timestamp":1748352199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/iwj.14556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/iwj.14556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.14556","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4801","1742-481X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4801","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-481X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14556"}}