{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:44:33Z","timestamp":1785725073140,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Wound Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious problem that may cause amputation of the lower extremities in patients with diabetes. The present research aimed to assess the localised tissue expression and potential immunoinflammatory crosstalk among fibroblast growth factor\u201018 (FGF\u201018), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and interleukin\u201035 (IL\u201035) in DFU compared to non\u2010diabetic controls (NDCs), while also examining the systemic serum levels of FGF\u201018 and IL\u201035. Venous blood was collected from 80 patients with DFU and 100 NDC, and the concentrations of serum IL\u201035, FGF\u201018 and blood haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were analysed. Aseptically collected biopsy samples were obtained from FUs of 30 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and from accidental foot wounds of 30 NDC. Biopsies were preserved in formalin (10%) until paraffin blocks were prepared. The immunohistochemical methodology used antibodies specifically to identify tissue FGF\u201018, GAD and IL\u201035 in the soft tissue specimens. The tissue expression of FGF\u201018, IL\u201035 and GAD was significantly higher in DFU compared to NDC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.0001), suggesting a strong localised immunoinflammatory role, whereas serum levels of FGF\u201018 and IL\u201035 remained statistically unchanged. Furthermore, significant positive correlations observed between tissue IL\u201035 and FGF\u201018 (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.67,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) and between tissue IL\u201035 and GAD (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.60,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) indicate robust immunoinflammatory crosstalk. The marked and correlated elevation of FGF\u201018, IL\u201035 and GAD specifically within DFU tissue, without changes in serum levels of FGF\u201018 and IL\u201035, establishes a robust, compartmentalised immunoinflammatory axis that drives chronic pathology and presents novel targets for localised therapeutic intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:54:45Z","timestamp":1783083285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoinflammatory Profile of\n                    <scp>FGF<\/scp>\n                    \u201018,\n                    <scp>IL<\/scp>\n                    \u201035 and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hemin Mohamad","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science University of Sulaimani  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alkhuzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Sulaimani  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8188-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shukur Wasman","family":"Smail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Cihan University\u2010Erbil  Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science Salahaddin University\u2010Erbil  Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Allergy and Sleep Research Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha Othman","family":"Mahwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Sulaimani  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Allergy and Sleep Research Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawa","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Allergy and Sleep Research Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine University of Sulaimani  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13121998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2021.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/rbme.2020.3013489"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.Gamage I.Wijesinghe andI.Perera eds. \u201cAutomatic Scoring of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Through Deep CNN Based Feature Extraction With Low Rank Matrix Factorization \u201dinIEEE 19th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE)(IEEE 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