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This process involves pathological retention of inflammatory cells, abnormal expression of pro\u2010fibrotic factors, and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. As a traditional Chinese medicine, leech possesses multiple pharmacological effects including anticoagulation, anti\u2010inflammation and improvement of microcirculation, exerting its therapeutic roles through regulating coagulation, modulating inflammatory responses, and enhancing vascular microcirculation. Simultaneously, leech can reduce epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix deposition by synergistically inhibiting multiple key signalling pathways associated with fibrosis. 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