{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:41:24Z","timestamp":1790678484537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]],"date-time":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macrophages are decisive cells for the course of leprosy as they phagocytose <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic> and have the potential to influence the specific immune response. Expression and release of the myeloid\u2010related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14 (S100A8 and S100A9) characterize a proinflammatory subtype of macrophage that is prominent in, for example, murine infection with lack of a T helper 1 cell response and in certain highly active chronic inflammations of mice and humans. We investigated cutaneous biopsies of the different forms of leprosy (41 untreated patients) including leprosy reaction type 1 (reversal reaction) and type 2 (erythema nodosum leprosum) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200318) for expression of MRP8 and MRP14 by subtypes of macrophages. Concomitantly we determined serum levels of MRP8 and MRP14 by sandwich enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of MRP8 and MRP14 by CD68\u2010positive macrophages was low in tuberculoid leprosy and rose significantly in borderline tuberculoid leprosy and especially in multibacillary forms, there being expressed by mycobacteria\u2010loaded foam cells. A significant rise of MRP8 and MRP14 expression also occurred in lepra reactions compared to the corresponding non\u2010reactional forms. In type 2 reactions this additional increase was associated with a sigificant elevation of serum levels. In type 1 it was associated with expression of MRP8 and MRP14 by epitheloid and giant cells, which so far were considered not to express both proteins. In conclusion, we present evidence that the two prominent proteins MRP8 and MRP14 can be re\u2010expressed <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by tissue macrophages in chronic infection, that their increased expression is characteristic for a macrophage subtype associated with high inflammatory but low antimycobacterial activity in the absence of a T helper 1 response, and that their significant rise in serum during erythema nodosum leprosum bears diagnostic and pathophysiological relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2004.01836.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]],"date-time":"2004-03-30T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1080651699000},"page":"472-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High expression of myeloid\u2010related proteins 8 and 14 characterizes an inflammatorily active but ineffective response of macrophages during leprosy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Cord H.","family":"Sunderk\u00f6tter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Tomimori\u2010Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Nix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange M.","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Sindrilaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Sorg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.53.5.602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.55.3.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199812)41:12<2196::AID-ART15>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200003)43:3<628::AID-ANR20>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.5.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.9.4891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(00)80103-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/330080a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00062-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1255"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.53.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000236177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.14.9496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(91)90057-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"A longitudinal study of calprotectin as an inflammatory marker in patients with reactive arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Hammer HB","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.7.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.4.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200006000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06322-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.9.4474","article-title":"Reversal reaction in borderline leprosy is associated with a polarized shift to type 1\u2010like Mycobacterium leprae T cell reactivity in lesional skin: a follow\u2010up study","volume":"159","author":"Verhagen CE","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70008-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03016.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five\u2010group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley DS","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.4.414"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.6.1607.1607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.6.1875.1875"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/prep.1998.0917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0602325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199408000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749109165280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.53.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.1.C235"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.9.3919.bloodjournal8793919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63454-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93237-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.3.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80259-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","first-page":"733","article-title":"Measurement of plasma calprotectin as an indicator of arthritis and disease activity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Brun JG","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01757358"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 during leprosy reactional states","volume":"84","author":"Sarno EN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","first-page":"581","article-title":"Lack of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM\u20101 in lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"61","author":"Moncada B","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"}],"container-title":["Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.0019-2805.2004.01836.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2004.01836.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:02:44Z","timestamp":1697191364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2004.01836.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2004.01836.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2004.01836.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-2805","1365-2567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-2805","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-03-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}