{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:01:49Z","timestamp":1770822109830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,2]],"date-time":"2004-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:\u2002<\/jats:bold> A case of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis associated with transfusion of blood that did not react when tested for WNV by minipool (MP) nucleic acid testing (NAT) is described. A Nebraska man developed clinical encephalitis 13\u2003days after surgery and transfusion of 26 blood components. Antibody testing confirmed WNV infection. An investigation was initiated to determine the source of this infection.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The patient's family members were interviewed to identify risk factors for WNV infection. Residual samples were retested for WNV RNA using transcription\u2010mediated amplification (TMA) assay and two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Blood donors\u2019 follow\u2010up serum samples were collected. All samples were tested for WNV\u2010specific immunoglobulin M antibodies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The patient's family denied recent mosquito exposure. The 20 blood components collected after July 2003 did not react when tested for WNV in a six\u2010member MP\u2010NAT at the time of donation. Retrospective individual testing identified one sample as WNV\u2010reactive by the TMA assay and one of the PCR assays. Seroconversion was demonstrated in the donor associated with this sample.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:\u2002<\/jats:bold> WNV RNA detection by individual donation NAT demonstrates viremic blood escaping MP\u2010NAT and supports transfusion\u2010related WNV transmission. MP\u2010NAT may not detect all WNV\u2010infected blood donors, allowing WNV transmission to continue at low levels. WNV NAT assays might vary in sensitivity and pooling donations could further impact test performance.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Understanding MP NAT limitations can improve strategies to maintain safety of the blood supply in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0041-1132.2004.04130.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,2]],"date-time":"2004-12-02T11:45:23Z","timestamp":1101987923000},"page":"1695-1699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["West Nile virus blood transfusion\u2010related infection despite nucleic acid testing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Macedo de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brady D.","family":"Beecham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lanciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Linnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Giachetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Pietrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Stramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Safranek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106143442401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"764","article-title":"West Nile virus activity\u2014United States, August 21\u201028, 2002, and Illinois, January 1\u2010August 27, 2002","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017409","article-title":"Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000","volume":"7","author":"Weiss D","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect 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