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We reviewed studies performed with mice infected with either of two intestinal nematode parasites, <jats:italic>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>, that evaluate the importance of the Th2 cytokine interleukin\u20104 (IL\u20104) and IL\u201013 in protection against these parasites. These studies demonstrate that while IL\u20104\/IL\u201013 protect against both parasites by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) through IL\u20104 receptor \u03b1 (IL\u20104R\u03b1) ligation, Stat6 activation protects against these parasites through different mechanisms. Stat6\u2010dependent gene transcription promotes expulsion of <jats:italic>N.\u2003brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> solely through effects on non\u2010bone marrow\u2010derived cells that may include enhancement of intestinal smooth muscle contractility, changes in intestinal epithelial cell function, and increased intestinal mucus secretion. In contrast, Stat6 signaling promotes immunity to <jats:italic>T.\u2003spiralis<\/jats:italic> both through effects on bone marrow\u2010derived cells that can be reproduced by treating mice with IL\u20104 or IL\u201013 and through effects on non\u2010bone marrow\u2010derived cells. The former effects appear to include T\u2010cell\u2010dependent induction of intestinal mastocytosis, while the latter sensitize non\u2010bone marrow\u2010derived cells to mast cell\u2010produced mediators. We argue that a limited ability of the host immune system to distinguish among different nematode parasites has led to the evolution of a stereotyped Th2 response that activates a set of effector mechanisms that protects against most intestinal nematode parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00192.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,10]],"date-time":"2004-09-10T14:18:34Z","timestamp":1094825914000},"page":"139-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":440,"title":["Interleukin\u20104\u2010 and interleukin\u201013\u2010mediated host protection against intestinal nematode parasites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Fred D.","family":"Finkelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terez","family":"Shea\u2010Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne C.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Gildea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Strait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen B.","family":"Madden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Schopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Joseph F.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.5.1675"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.6.2045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.22.10700"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.5.2545","article-title":"IL\u201012\u2010induced protection against blood\u2010stage Plasmodium chabaudi as requires IFN\u2010\u03b3 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 and occurs via a nitric oxide\u2010dependent mechanism","volume":"155","author":"Stevenson MM","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.3.1014","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection in an adult mouse model. 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