{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:38:36Z","timestamp":1790750316154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,10]],"date-time":"2004-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1094774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic> infections induce the development of a CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010helper 1 (Th1) response that not only controls the primary infection but also results in life\u2010long immunity to reinfection. How that immunity is maintained is unknown, although because of the existence of infection\u2010induced immunity, there has been an assumption that the development of a vaccine against leishmaniasis would be relatively easy. This has turned out not to be the case. One problem has been the finding that a large part of the immunity induced by a primary infection depends upon the presence of persistent parasites. Nevertheless, there are ample situations where immunologic memory persists without the continued presence of antigen, providing the prospect that a non\u2010live vaccine for leishmaniasis can be developed. To do so will require an understanding of the events involved in the development of an effective protective T\u2010cell response and, more importantly, an understanding of how to maintain that response. Here, we review work from our laboratory, describing how Th1 cells develop in <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected mice, the nature of the memory T cells that provide protection to reinfection, and how that information may be utilized in the development of vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00198.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,10]],"date-time":"2004-09-10T14:18:34Z","timestamp":1094825914000},"page":"318-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["The development of effector and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine 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