{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:42:25Z","timestamp":1791301345216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6-7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,10]],"date-time":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1100044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":162,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Saliva of many vector arthropods contains factors that inhibit haemostatic responses in their vertebrate hosts. Less is known about the effect of vector saliva on host immune responses. We investigated the effect of<\/jats:italic> Aedes aegypti <jats:italic>salivary gland extracts on antigen\u2010stimulated responses of transgenic OVA\u2010TCR DO11 mouse splenocytes<\/jats:italic> in vitro<jats:italic>. T\u2010cell proliferation was inhibited in a dose\u2010dependent manner, with greater than 50% inhibition at 0\u00b73 salivary gland pair (SGP) equivalents\/mL. LPS\u2010stimulated B\u2010cell proliferation was also inhibited. Secretion of the Th1 cytokines IL\u20102 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 was reduced by 50% or more with 0\u00b745\u20130\u00b76\u00a0SGP\/mL, as was secretion of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines GM\u2010CSF and TNF\u2010\u03b1, and the Th2 cytokine IL\u20105. The Th2 cytokines IL\u20104 and IL\u201010 were similarly reduced with 0\u00b76\u20132\u00a0SGP\/mL. Inhibition of lymphocyte function involved modulation of viable T\u2010cells at low salivary gland extract (SGE) concentrations, and decreased viability at higher concentrations. Dendritic cells were not killed by salivary gland extracts at concentrations as high as 25 salivary gland pairs\/mL, but secretion of IL\u201012 was inhibited by 87% following exposure to 0\u00b76\u00a0SGP\/mL. Activity is present in saliva and extracts of female but not male salivary glands, and it is depleted from salivary glands of blood\u2010fed mosquitoes. The activity is denatured by boiling and by digestion with the protease papain, indicating a protein; gel filtration HPLC indicates a mass of about 387 kDa. These results suggest that<\/jats:italic> A.\u00a0aegypti <jats:italic>saliva exerts a marked immunomodulatory influence on the environment at the bite site.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00712.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]],"date-time":"2004-11-15T18:55:22Z","timestamp":1100544922000},"page":"295-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito, <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>, modulates murine lymphocyte function"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"H. A.","family":"Wasserman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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