{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:18:23Z","timestamp":1791569903138,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":180,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasite Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Malaria and schistosomiasis are the two major parasite diseases present in developing countries. The epidemiological co\u2010infection with schistosomiasis could influence the development of the physiological reaction associated with<\/jats:italic> Plasmodium falciparum <jats:italic>infection in human. Most studies have demonstrated the association of circulating levels of interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3), tumour necrosis factor\u2010a (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010), transforming growth factor (TGF\u2010\u03b2) and soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptors (sTNF\u2010RI and sTNF\u2010RII) with the morbidity of malaria. In the present study, we showed that<\/jats:italic> Schistosoma haematobium <jats:italic>co\u2010infection influences, in an age\u2010dependent manner, the unbalance between pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory circulating cytokines that play a key role during malaria infection. Indeed, children co\u2010infected by<\/jats:italic> S.\u00a0haematobium <jats:italic>have higher levels of IFN\u2010\u03b3 and sTNF\u2010RII than children infected only by<\/jats:italic> P.\u00a0falciparum<jats:italic>. In contrast, co\u2010infected adults presented a significant increase of IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201010, TGF\u2010\u03b2, sTNF\u2010RI and sTNF\u2010RII rates and IL\u201010\/TNF\u2010\u03b1 ratio. Taken together, this study indicates that schistosomiasis co\u2010infection can unbalance the regulation of inflammatory factors in uncomplicated<\/jats:italic> P.\u00a0falciparum <jats:italic>malaria. The possible consequences of the schistosomiasis co\u2010infection for age\u2010dependent malaria morbidity are discussed.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00719.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T18:33:28Z","timestamp":1106937208000},"page":"365-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Schistosomiasis co\u2010infection in humans influences inflammatory markers in uncomplicated <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i> malaria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"T. 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