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However, when autoinfection occurs, a high number of infecting larvae can gain access to the bloodstream by penetrating the colonic mucosa leading to a severe hyperinfection and the development of disseminated strongyloidiasis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV\u20101) predominantly infects T cells and induces spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of high levels of type 1 cytokines.<\/jats:italic> Strongyloides stercoralis <jats:italic>patients with HTLV\u20101 co\u2010infection have a modified immunological responses against parasite antigens and co\u2010infection has clinical implications for strongyloidiasis. The high production of IFN\u2010\u03b3 observed in patients co\u2010infected with HTLV\u20101 and<\/jats:italic> Strongyloides stercoralis <jats:italic>decreases the production of IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201013 and IgE, molecules that participate in the host defence mechanism against helminths. Moreover, there is a decrease in the efficacy of treatment of<\/jats:italic> Strongyloides stercoralis <jats:italic>in patients co\u2010infected with HTLV\u20101. Alterations in the immune response against<\/jats:italic> Strongyloides stercoralis <jats:italic>and the decrease in the efficacy of anti\u2010parasitic drugs are responsible for the increased prevalence of<\/jats:italic> Strongyloides stercoralis <jats:italic>among HTLV\u20101 infected subjects and make HTLV\u20101 infection the most important risk factor for disseminated strongyloidiasis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00726.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,15]],"date-time":"2005-03-15T18:59:59Z","timestamp":1110913199000},"page":"487-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Epidemiological and clinical interaction between HTLV\u20101 and <i>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"E. 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