{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:02:01Z","timestamp":1790881321603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,5]],"date-time":"2005-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cutan Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptors (PPARs) mediate several functions that are of interest in carcinogenesis. Although PPAR\u03b1, PPAR\u03b2, and PPAR\u03b3 are expressed in multiple human, their expression has not been investigated in non\u2010melanoma skin cancer.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> We performed a retrospective paired immunohistochemical analysis of normal skin, actinic keratosis (AK), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among 35 individuals. Specimens were considered PPAR immunoreactive when 1% or more of the tumor cells showed clear evidence of immunostaining. Cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102) expression, the fraction of proliferating endothelial cells, and microvessel density were also evaluated in these samples.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> PPAR\u03b1 immunoreactivity was significantly less likely to occur in SCC and AK than in normal skin of each individual. In contrast to PPAR\u03b1, PPAR\u03b2 appeared to be upregulated in (pre)malignant skin lesions. For each individual, the likelihood that normal skin, AK, or SCC was immunoreactive against PPAR\u03b3 was comparable. COX\u20102 immunopositivity was significantly associated with PPAR\u03b2 and PPAR\u03b3 immunoreactivity. No statistical differences were noted for the angiogenesis parameters and PPAR\u03b1, PPAR\u03b2, or PPAR\u03b3 expression, except that the microvessel density was significantly higher among PPAR\u03b2\u2010immunoreactive SCCs compared to that among immunonegative SCCs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Although further research is warranted, these results suggest that PPAR ligands such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones may have chemoprophylactic properties in skin carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2005.00345.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,5]],"date-time":"2005-04-05T11:31:49Z","timestamp":1112700709000},"page":"340-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptors in squamous cell carcinoma and its 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