{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:29:24Z","timestamp":1791361764514,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,13]],"date-time":"2006-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cutan Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Erythrodermic cutaneous T\u2010cell lymphoma (E\u2010CTCL) is the cause of less than 5% of all cases of generalized erythroderma. A methodical evaluation of skin, blood, and lymph node samples using standard histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry (FC), and molecular analysis for evidence of a dominant T\u2010cell clone has been recommended in a recently published diagnostic algorithm. In this commentary, the author discusses available information regarding the role of these diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of E\u2010CTCL with emphasis on personal observations regarding skin IHC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u2010based molecular studies as adjunct diagnostic studies on a series of 55 patients with erythrodermic mycosis fungoides and 50 patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome compared to 50 patients with extensive benign inflammatory skin disease. The conclusions are (1) IHC of the skin does not reliably differentiate E\u2010CTCL from benign simulants, (2) presence of phenotypically abnormal T cells in the blood or expanded subsets of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD7<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> or CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD26<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> cells by FC is particularly helpful as a diagnostic study, (3) the presence of an identical T\u2010cell clone in the skin and blood also is a specific diagnostic criterion for E\u2010CTCL, but exceptions may occur, and (4) the PCR\u03b3\u2010denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique appears to be more reliable than PCR\u03b3\u2010single\u2010stranded conformational polymorphism for diagnostic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2006.00541.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,13]],"date-time":"2006-01-13T16:23:15Z","timestamp":1137169395000},"page":"27-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["On the diagnosis of erythrodermic cutaneous T\u2010cell lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Vonderheid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.118538"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Difficult Diagnoses in Dermatology.","author":"Vonderheid EC","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198610000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000249271"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","first-page":"520","article-title":"Generalised exfoliative dermatitis \u2013 a clinical study of 108 patients","volume":"17","author":"Wong KS","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70139-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690120039004","article-title":"Erythroderma: a clinicopathological study of 56 cases","volume":"130","author":"Botella\u2010Estrada R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101995000300004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90496-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00846.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_2","first-page":"743","article-title":"Erythroderma in Thai patients","volume":"82","author":"Leenutaphong V","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Clinical aspects and etiology of erythroderma: an analysis of 64 cases","volume":"90","author":"Eugster R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-5-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000246074"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650280013006","article-title":"Pre\u2010S\u00e9zary erythroderma evolving to S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Buechner SA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650370089016","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Rajka G","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02775.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1995.tb02674.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.01081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1859::AID-CNCR2820380466>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Sauder DN","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_2","first-page":"390.","article-title":"S\u00e9zary syndrome presenting as a follicular dermatosis","volume":"29","author":"Westfried M","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70294-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1997.tb00793.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/YB79JG4TMJERQ7PV"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420150067039","article-title":"Markedly diminished epidermal keratinocyte expression of intercellular adhesion molecule\u20101 (ICAM\u20101) in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"261","author":"Nickoloff BJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Interferon\u2010inducible protein 10 as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T\u2010cell lymphomas","volume":"3","author":"Sarris AH","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00263.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06706.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1993.tb00660.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1997.tb00794.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650360025008","article-title":"S\u00e9zary syndrome \u2013 A clinicopathologic study of 39 cases","volume":"119","author":"Buechner SA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199108000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2003.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.08.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_2","first-page":"2707","article-title":"CD7 expression in reactive and malignant human skin T\u2010lymphocytes","volume":"23","author":"Alaibac M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70124-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70080-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2005.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47920-6_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70277-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_2","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Discordant expression of antigens between intraepidermal and intradermal T cells in mycosis fungoides","volume":"137","author":"Michie SA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00984.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.12.1571"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0560.2003.00099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2005-129-372-UOCTCA"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.9.2987"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<146::AID-PATH334>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019606-200309000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1982.tb02401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404310"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1992.01680200081011","article-title":"Hydantoin\u2010induced cutaneous pseudolymphoma with clinical, pathologic, and immunologic aspects of S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"128","author":"D'Incan M","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.51.2.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/102.6.856"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/114.3.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6890-2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_2","first-page":"354","article-title":"EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas: a proposal from the Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer","volume":"90","author":"Willemze R","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(03)00120-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/U1Y6-J4AG-5M4M-7AYV"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0320(20000801)40:4<336::AID-CYTO9>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/835B04QXGNNFNRJU"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_2","first-page":"874","article-title":"Utility of flow cytometry immunophenotyping and DNA ploidy studies for diagnosis and characterization of blood involvement in CD4+ S\u00e9zary's syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Lima M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12312560"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_2","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Failure of anti\u2010T\u2010cell receptor V\u03b2 antibodies to consistently identify a malignant T\u2010cell clone in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Bigler RD","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/8B849FC6PHAP8FDD"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12712131"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12486767"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19911001)68:7<1572::AID-CNCR2820680719>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80970-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-1578(10)60630-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200412000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198106000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940101)73:1<207::AID-CNCR2820730136>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(85)80177-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/TJGE-FJG6-VQYV-WFX8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-06-2220"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)80143-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90266-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820601)49:11<2305::AID-CNCR2820491118>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-69-3-557"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12284160"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000155501750208335"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(97)00034-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb05023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/93P42RNG5XBG3KBE"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2400710"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cutaneous Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.0303-6987.2006.00541.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2006.00541.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T16:13:42Z","timestamp":1695744822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2006.00541.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,13]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2006.00541.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2006.00541.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-6987","1600-0560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-6987","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,13]]}}}