{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:06:44Z","timestamp":1761988004041},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,27]],"date-time":"2004-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>: <jats:italic>The postpartum period is a time when many routine interventions are provided to mothers. This review examined the published evidence for the effectiveness of selected contraceptive methods, Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, and rubella immunization<\/jats:italic>. <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>: <jats:italic>MEDLINE, Cinahl, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials of interventions initiated from immediately after birth to 1 year in postnatal women. The initial literature search was done in 1999, and was enhanced in 2003. Studies were categorized and reviewed by topic areas. Data were extracted in a systematic method, and the quality of each study was reviewed<\/jats:italic>. <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: <jats:italic>In the 1999 search, 140 studies were randomized controlled trials that met the selection criteria: 5 related to postpartum contraception, 1 to timing of the postpartum Pap test, and 2 to postpartum rubella immunization. In the 2003 searches, 1 additional study related to postpartum contraception was identified. From the published literature on selected contraceptive methods, the intrauterine devices examined were effective in preventing pregnancy and had comparable side effect profiles. No clear recommendation can be made because insertion timing was not randomized in the included trials. Although delaying the postpartum Pap smear until 8 weeks reduces the proportion of inflammatory smears, it is uncertain whether a Pap smear is of benefit to postpartum women. The RA 27\/3 postpartum rubella vaccine appears to be more effective than the Cendehill vaccine, but a small proportion of women may develop acute and chronic joint manifestations<\/jats:italic>. <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>: <jats:italic>Some evidence is available to support selected postpartum contraceptive methods and the postpartum rubella vaccine, but data are lacking on the effectiveness and optimal timing of the postpartum Pap smear.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0730-7659.2004.00306.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,27]],"date-time":"2004-08-27T10:31:29Z","timestamp":1093602689000},"page":"203-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Systematic Review of the Literature on Postpartum Care: Selected Contraception Methods, Postpartum Papanicolaou Test, and Rubella Immunization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Levitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Kaczorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russ","family":"Springate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Sellors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Enkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0730-7659.2004.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01849254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(82)90058-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(83)90032-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Comparative performance of two copper\u2010wired IUDs (ML Cu 250 and T Cu 200) immediate post\u2010partum and interval insertion","volume":"1","author":"Thiery M","year":"1980","journal-title":"Contracept Deliv Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(95)00042-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90109-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"Grimes D","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"Truitt ST","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Lactation and genital involution effects of a new low\u2010dose oral contraceptive on breast\u2010feeding mothers and their infants","volume":"35","author":"Miller GH","year":"1970","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Post partum ovulation: Inhibition and milk yield","volume":"8","author":"Semm K","year":"1966","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","volume-title":"Postpartum Family Planning: A Report on the International Program","author":"Zatuchni GI","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","volume-title":"IUDs\u2014an Update","author":"Treiman K","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Implanon: A review of clinical studies","volume":"4","author":"Edwards JE","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Fam Plann"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","author":"Farrington A.","journal-title":"Today's Contraceptive Options"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Report of a national workshop on screening for cancer of the cervix","volume":"145","author":"Miller AB","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Guide to Clinical Preventive Services","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"The postpartum Papanicolaou smear","volume":"2","author":"Weiss BD","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","first-page":"879","article-title":"Antepartum and postpartum Papanicolaou smears. 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