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The definition of adjuvants, previously thought of as any substance that enhanced the immunogenicity of antigen, could now include soluble mediators and antigenic carriers that interact with surface molecules present on DC (e.g. LPS, Flt3L, heat shock protein) particulate antigens which are taken up by mechanisms available to APC but not other cell types (e.g. immunostimulatory complexes, latex, polystyrene particles) and viral\/bacterial vectors that infect antigen presenting cells (e.g. vaccinia, lentivirus, adenovirus). These approaches, summarized herein, have shown potential in vaccinating against disease in animal models, and in some cases in humans. Of these, particle\u2010antigen conjugates provide rapid formulation of the vaccine, easy storage and wide application, with both carrier and adjuvant functions that activate DC. Combined vaccines of the future could use adjuvants such as virus\u2010like particles and particles targeted towards a predominant cellular type or immune response, with target cell activation enhanced by growth factors or maturation signals prior to, or during immunization. Collectively, these new additions to adjuvant technology provide opportunities for more specific immune regulation than previously available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01271.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]],"date-time":"2004-10-07T10:00:20Z","timestamp":1097143220000},"page":"506-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Vaccines that facilitate antigen entry into dendritic cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Gamvrellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital  Studley Road Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital  Studley Road Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital  Studley Road Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue D","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital  Studley Road Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mottram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital  Studley Road Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Plebanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital  Studley Road Heidelberg Victoria 3084 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/15200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"The evolution of DNA vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Apostolopoulos V","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. 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