{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:52:09Z","timestamp":1789527129315,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The diagnosis of letter-by-letter (LBL) dyslexia is based on the observation of a substantial and monotonic increase of word naming latencies as the number of letters in the stimulus increases. This pattern of performance is typically interpreted as indicating that word recognition in LBL dyslexia depends on the sequential identification of individual letters. We show, in 7 LBL patients, that the word-length effect can be eliminated if words of different lengths are matched on the sum of the confusability (visual similarity between a letter and the remainder of the alphabet) of their constituent letters. Additional experiments demonstrate that this result is mediated by parallel letter processing and not by any compensatory serial processing strategy. These findings indicate that parallel processing contributes significantly to explicit word recognition in LBL dyslexia and that a letter-processing impairment is fundamental in causing the disorder. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01571.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,8]],"date-time":"2005-07-08T12:51:59Z","timestamp":1120827119000},"page":"535-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["How to Make the Word-Length Effect Disappear in Letter-by-Letter Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fiset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, D\u00e9partement de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9'de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Arguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, D\u00e9partement de Psychologie, Universit\u00e9'de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glyn W.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, School of Psychology, Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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