{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T14:04:57Z","timestamp":1794060297540,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]],"date-time":"2012-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The considerable extent of construction and operation of marine renewable energy developments (MRED) within U.K. and adjacent waters will lead, among other things, to the emission of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and subsea sounds into the marine environment. Migratory fishes that respond to natural environmental cues, such as the Earth's geomagnetic field or underwater sounds, move through the same waters that the MRED occupy, thereby raising the question of whether there are any effects of MRED on migratory fishes. Diadromous species, such as the Salmonidae and Anguillidae, which undertake large\u2010scale migrations through coastal and offshore waters, are already significantly affected by other human activities leading to national and international conservation efforts to manage any existing threats and to minimize future concerns, including the potential effect of MRED. Here, the current state of knowledge with regard to the potential for diadromous fishes of U.K. conservation importance to be affected by MRED is reviewed. The information on which to base the review was found to be limited with respect to all aspects of these fishes' migratory behaviour and activity, especially with regards to MRED deployment, making it difficult to establish cause and effect relationships. The main findings, however, were that diadromous species can use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and direction finding during migrations. Juveniles of anadromous brown trout (sea trout) <jats:italic>Salmo trutta<\/jats:italic> and close relatives of <jats:italic>S. trutta<\/jats:italic> respond to both the Earth's magnetic field and artificial magnetic fields. Current knowledge suggests that EMFs from subsea cables may interact with migrating <jats:italic>Anguilla<\/jats:italic> sp. (and possibly other diadromous fishes) if their movement routes take them over the cables, particularly in shallow water (&lt;20 m). The only known effect is a temporary change in swimming direction. Whether this will represent a biologically significant effect, for example delayed migration, cannot yet be determined. Diadromous fishes are likely to encounter EMFs from subsea cables either during the adult movement phases of life or their early life stages during migration within shallow, coastal waters adjacent to natal rivers. The underwater sound from MRED devices has not been fully characterized to determine its acoustic properties and propagation through the coastal waters. MRED that require pile driving during construction appear to be the most relevant to consider. In the absence of a clear understanding of their response to underwater sound, the specific effects on migratory species of conservation concern remain very difficult to determine in relation to MRED. Based on the studies reviewed, it is suggested that fishes that receive high intensity sound in close proximity to construction may be physiologically affected to some degree, whereas those at farther distances, potentially up to several km, may exhibit behaviour responses; the effect of which is unknown and will be dependent on the properties of the received sound and receptor characteristics and condition. Whether there are behavioural effects on the fishes during operation is unknown but any change to the environment and subsequent response by the fishes would need to be considered over the lifetime of the MRED. It is not yet possible to determine if effects relating to sound exposure are biologically significant. The current assumptions of limited effects are built on an incomplete understanding of how the species move around their environment and interact with natural and anthropogenic EMFs and subsea sound. A number of important knowledge gaps exist, principally whether migratory fish species on the whole respond to the EMF and the sound associated with MRED. Future research should address the principal gaps before assuming that any effect on diadromous species results in a biological effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]],"date-time":"2012-07-19T05:32:27Z","timestamp":1342675947000},"page":"664-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Potential interactions between diadromous fishes of U.K. conservation importance and the electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"A. B.","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90155-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463301001473"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S037346330001465X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/161192a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007370213924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(79)90028-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7209544"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00611185"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(03)70486-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_13_1","first-page":"720","article-title":"A study of the behaviour of eel in artificial and natural magnetic fields and the analysis of their mechanism of reception","volume":"11","author":"Branover G. G.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Voprosy Ikhtiologi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_14_1","unstructured":"Caltrans.(2001a).Pile installation demonstration project fisheries impact assessment.PIDP EA 012081.San Francisco \u2010 Oakland Bay Bridge.East Span Seismic Safety Caltrans Contract 04A0148. San Francisco CA: Caltrans."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_15_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Retardation of embryogenesis by extremely low frequency 60 Hz electromagnetic fields.","volume":"17","author":"Cameron I. L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.2400510406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EBFI.0000005750.93268.e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01609527"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_19_1","first-page":"717","article-title":"The importance of sound in fish behaviour in relation to capture by trawls.","volume":"62","author":"Chapman C. J.","year":"1969","journal-title":"FAO Fisheries Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696473"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(74)90082-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.3.611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302653.ch19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2979.2003.00105.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_25_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"The Physiology of Fishes","author":"von der Emde G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-177","article-title":"Effects of seismic shooting on local abundance and catch rates of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus).","volume":"5","author":"Eng\u00e5s A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(67)90615-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(76)80077-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0533-3","volume-title":"Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians","author":"Fay R. R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-8574(02)00021-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3750\/AIP1997.27.2.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2004.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01167868"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8901.2004.00918.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374711-2.00812-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0990-7440(03)00024-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/412804"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_40_1","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process","author":"Hall S. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(86)90887-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(84)90050-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_43_1","first-page":"22.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation","author":"Hawkins A. D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_45_1","volume-title":"Bioacoustics: A Comparative Approach","author":"Hawkins A. D.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_46_1","volume-title":"Understanding the Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms.","author":"Huddleston J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00611234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1980.tb01294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_50_1","first-page":"525","volume-title":"Comparative Physiology of Sensory Systems","author":"Kalmijn A. J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_51_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Fields and Neurobehavioral Function","author":"Kalmijn A. J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/36986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00644-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ba-1995-0250.ch021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2008.9753755"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_57_1","volume-title":"Communication in Fishes.","author":"Ladich F.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2009.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_59_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"The impact of electromagnetic fields on living organisms and their communities.","volume":"20","author":"Letovanec P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ekologia-Bratislava"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps309279"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.140.1.35","article-title":"Ultra structure, morphology and organisation of biogenic magnetite from sockeye salmon, Oncorhyn\u2010 chus nerka; implications for magnetoreception.","volume":"140","author":"Mann S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/38636"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_65_1","volume-title":"Ecology and management of Atlantic salmon.","author":"Mills D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(06)51003-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller R. P. Neitzel D. A.&Mavros W. V.(1998).Evaluation of Low and High Frequency Sound for Enhancing Fish Screening Facilities to Protect Outmigrating Salmonids.Contract No. DE\u2010AI79\u201086BP62611 Project No. 86\u2010118 38 p. BPA Report DOE\/BP\u201062611\u201013. Portland OR: Bonneville Power Administration.","DOI":"10.2172\/1296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_70_1","unstructured":"Mueller\u2010Blenkle C. McGregor P. K. Gill A. B. Andersson M. H. Metcalfe J. Bendall V. Sigray P. Wood D. T.&Thomsen F.(2010).Effects of pile\u2010driving noise on the behaviour of marine fish.COWRIE Ref:Technical Report Fish06\u201008."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2005.00817.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7311-5_58"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[630:OWATEO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_75_1","first-page":"479","article-title":"Local geo\u2010electric fields at the bottom of the sea and their relevance for electrosensitive fish.","volume":"32","author":"Pals N.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1995.0102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_78_1","unstructured":"Poddubny A. G.(1967).Sonic tags and floats as a means of studying fish response to natural environmental changes to fishing gears.FAO Fisheries Report62 793\u2013802.Rome: FAO."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_80_1","volume-title":"A Review of Hearing by Sturgeon and Lamprey","author":"Popper A. N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0533-3_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2008.00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-22628-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4031\/002533203787537050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_88_1","first-page":"3958","article-title":"Effects of exposure to seismic airgun use on hearing of three fish species.","volume":"122","author":"Popper A. N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4809471"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2763-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9327(76)90096-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_93_1","volume-title":"Marine Mammals and Noise","author":"Richardson W. J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f73-114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007575426155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/2\/025102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2003.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2008.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.33.4.2007.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0633.1992.tb00007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2871788"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_105_1","volume-title":"Principles of Underwater Sound","author":"Urick R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_106_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"The electrosensitivity of the lateral line of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla.","volume":"75","author":"Vriens A. M.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology Paris"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps288295"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00610853"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.224.4650.751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00389-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(00)00122-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_113_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Technische Eingriffe in Marine Lebensraume","author":"Westerberg H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_114_1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Advances in Fish Telemetry. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Fish Telemetry.","author":"Westerberg H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2400.2008.00630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_116_1","unstructured":"Westerberg H. Lagenfelt I. Andersson I. Wahlberg M.&Sparrevik E.(2007).Inverkan p\u00e5fisk och fiske av SwePol Link.Fiskunders\u00f6kningar 1999\u20132006."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0265"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2009.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(99)00050-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050193"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250110106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2_1","unstructured":"BERR.(2007).Wave & Tidal Stream Energy Monitoring & Research Strategy V6\u2010070906. Marine Renewable Energy Research Advisory Group Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. Available atwww.bis.gov.uk\/files\/file42356.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_3_1","unstructured":"Boyd I. Brownell B. Cato D. Clarke C. Costa D. Eveans P. G. H. Gedamke J. Genrty R. Gisiner B. Gordon J. Jepson P. Miller P. Rendell L. Tasker M. Tyack P. Vos E. Whitehead H. Wartzok D.&Zimmer W.(2008).The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals\u2013a Draft Research Strategy. European Science Foundation and Marine Board.Available atwww.vliz.be\/imisdocs\/publications\/139239.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_4_1","unstructured":"Caltrans.(2001b).Fisheries impact assessment.San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project. PIPD EA 012081 Caltrans Contract 04A0148. Available atwww.dot.ca.gov\/dist4\/\/pidp_fisheries_final_report_82401.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_5_1","unstructured":"Carlson T. J. Hastings M. C.&Popper A. N.(2007).Update on Recommendation for Revised Interim Sound Exposure Criteria for Fish During Pile Driving Activities. California Department of Transportationhttp:\/\/www.dot.ca.gov\/hq\/env\/bio\/fisheries_bioacoustics.htm\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_6_1","unstructured":"CMACS(2003).A baseline assessment of electromagnetic fields generated by offshore wind farm cables.Rep. No. COWRIE EMF\u201001\u20102002 66. Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies. Available atwww.offshorewindfarms.co.uk\/\/1351_emf_research_report_04_05"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_7_1","unstructured":"EU(2008). Council directive 2008\/56\/EC establishing the framework for Community action in the field of environmental policy Official Journal of the European UnionL164 19\u201340. Available athttp:\/\/eur\u2010lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:164:0019:0040:EN:PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_8_1","unstructured":"Fristedt T. Moren P.&Soderberg P.(2001).Acoustic and electromagnetic noise induced by wind mills\u2013implications for underwater surveillance systems pilot study.Swedish Defence Research Agency. Report. No. FOI\u2010R\u2010233\u2010SE. 2001. Available athttp:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=fristedt%2C%20t.%2C%20moren%2C%20p.%2C%20%26%20soderbergh%2C%20p.%20(2001).%20acoustic%20and%20electromagnetic%20noise%20induced%20by%20wind%20mills%20\u2010%20implications%20for%20underwater%20surveillance%20systems%20pilot%20study.%20swedish%20defence%20research%20agency.%20report.%20no.%20foi\u2010r\u2010233\u2010se.%202001.&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcvi.se%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2FKunskapsdatabas%2520miljo%2FLjud%2520och%2520Skuggor%2FLjud%2FForskningsresultat%2FFOI_undervattensljud_FOI_R_0233_SE.pdf&ei=XWugT4rWAcOo4gS\u2010y7XaAg&usg=AFQjCNFZj_AeFiQ9I8Iu1rESxfqtb2CUeg\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_9_1","unstructured":"Gill A. B. Gloyne\u2010Phillips I. Neal K. J.&Kimber J. A.(2005).The potential effects of electromagnetic fields generated by sub\u2010sea power cables associated with offshore wind farm developments on electrically and magnetically sensitive marine organisms \u2013 a review.Report to Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment (COWRIE) group Crown Estates. Available athttp:\/\/www.cmacsltd.co.uk\/cowrie4.html\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_10_1","unstructured":"Halvorsen M. B. Casper B. M. Woodley C. M. Carlson T. J.&Popper A. N.(2011).Predicting and mitigating hydroacoustic impacts on fish from pile installations.NCHRP Research Results Digest 363 Project 25\u201028 National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Research Board. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences. Available athttp:\/\/apps.trb.org\/cmsfeed\/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=763\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_11_1","unstructured":"Hastings M. C.&Popper A. N.(2005).Effects of sound on fish.Report to Jones and Stokes for California Department of Transportation January 2005.http:\/\/www4.trb.org\/trb\/crp.nsf\/reference\/boilerplate\/Attachments\/file\/EffectsOfSoundOnFish1\u201028\u201005(FINAL).pdf\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_12_1","unstructured":"IUCN.(2009).IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Available athttp:\/\/www.icunredlist.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_13_1","unstructured":"Joint Nature Conservation Commitee.(2007). Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species List. Available athttp:\/\/jncc.defra.gov.U.K.\/PDF\/U.K.BAP_Species+HabitatsReview\u20102007.pdf\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_14_1","unstructured":"McKenzie\u2010Maxon C.(2000).Offshore wind turbine construction.Offshore pile\u2010driving underwater and above water measurements and analysis.\u00d8degaard and Danneskiold\u2010Sams\u00f8 Report no. 00.877. Available athttp:\/\/nrelpubs.nrel.gov\/Webtop\/ws\/avianlt\/www\/web_data\/Record;jsessionid=54428F622B6C4F7111335F2CC5691584?m=1052\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_15_1","unstructured":"Nedwell J. R.&Brooker A. G.(2008).Measurement and assessment of background underwater noise and its comparison with noise from pin pile drilling operations during installation of the SeaGen tidal turbine device Strangford Lough.Subacoustech Report No. 724R0120 to COWRIE Ltd. Available athttp:\/\/www.thereadingroom.com\/measurement\u2010and\u2010assessment\u2010of\u2010background\u2010underwater\u2010noise\u2010and\u2010its\u2010comparison\u2010with\u2010noise\u2010from\u2010pin\u2010pile\u2010drilling\u2010operations\u2010during\u2010installation\u2010of\u2010the\u2010seagen\u2010tidal\u2010turbine\u2010device\u2010strangford\u2010lough\/bp\/4459837\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_16_1","unstructured":"Nedwell J. R.&Howell D.(2004).A review of offshore windfarm related underwater noise sources \u2010Report No. 544 R 0308.Available athttp:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=fish%20and%20marine%20mammal%20audiograms%3A%20a%20summary%20of%20available%20informatio&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.subacoustech.com%2Finformation%2Fdownloads%2Freports%2F534R0214.pdf&ei=93KgT66EHIbV4QTzwIn5Ag&usg=AFQjCNE61fhper2WMae8SzARzvsLDhcwtg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_17_1","unstructured":"Nedwell J. Langworthy J.&Howell D.(2003a).Assessment of sub\u2010sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlfife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore windfarms and comparison with background noise.Report No. 544 R 0424.Available athttp:\/\/www.subacoustech.com\/information\/downloads\/reports\/544R0424.pdf\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_18_1","unstructured":"Nedwell J. R. Turnpenny A. Langworthy J.&Edwards B.(2003b).Measurements of underwater noise during piling at the Red Funnel Terminal Southampton and conservations of its effect on caged fish Subacoustics ltd.Report 558 R 0207. Available athttp:\/\/www.subacoustech.com\/information\/downloads\/reports\/558R0207.pdf\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_19_1","unstructured":"Nedwell J. R. Edwards B. Turnpenny A. W. H.&Gordon J.(2004).Fish and marine mammal audiograms: a summary of available information.Subacoustech Report Ref. 534R0214 submitted to Chevron Texaco Ltd.http:\/\/www.subacoustech.com\/information\/downloads\/reports\/544R0424.pdf\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_20_1","unstructured":"Nedwell J. Parvin S. J. Edwards B. Workman R. Brooker A. G.&Kynoch J. E.(2007).Measurement and interpretation of underwater noise during construction and operation of windfarms.Report for COWRIE Newbury U.K. Crown Estates. Available athttp:\/\/www.mendeley.com\/research\/measurement\u2010interpretation\u2010underwater\u2010noise\u2010during\u2010construction\u2010operation\u2010offshore\u2010windfarms\u2010uk\u2010waters\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_21_1","unstructured":"Normandeau Exponent Tricas T.&Gill A.(2011).Effects of EMFs from undersea power cables on elasmobranchs and other marine species. U.S. Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Regulation and Enforcement Pacific OCS Region Camarillo CA. OCS Study BOEMRE 2011\u201009. Available athttp:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=normandeau%20emf&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomr.boemre.gov%2FPI%2FPDFImages%2FESPIS%2F4%2F5115.pdf&ei=p3SgT_HlGsSN4gT_\u2010s2jAw&usg=AFQjCNGbQxEzSB9YY_8BUSWlxcWY4pe8rw\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_22_1","unstructured":"OSPAR(2009).Overview of the Impacts of Anthropogenic Underwater Sound in the Marine Environment. OSPAR Commission. Available athttp:\/\/www.vliz.be\/imisdocs\/publications\/226438.pdf\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_23_1","volume-title":"Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Noise on Marine Mammals and Fish","author":"Thomsen F.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_24_1","unstructured":"TNO.(2011).Standard for Measurement and Monitoring of Underwater Noise Part 1: Physical quantities and their units.Available athttp:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=standard%20for%20measurement%20and%20monitoring%20of%20underwater%20noise%2C%20part%201%3A%20physical%20quantities%20and%20their%20units.%20ainlie&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noordzeeloket.nl%2Fihm%2FImages%2FStandard%2520for%2520measurement%2520and%2520monitoring%2520of%2520underwater%2520noise%2520Part%2520I%2520physical%2520quantities%2520and%2520their%2520units_tcm25\u20105012.pdf&ei=vXWgT\u20107nIYOA8wO6noSVAQ&usg=AFQjCNGQTnErnsuLPjHyayyNAPraRwp3fQ\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2012.03374.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T19:33:00Z","timestamp":1694633580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1112","1095-8649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1112","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-8649","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}}}