{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T07:42:45Z","timestamp":1698651765682},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5303,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To understand hair\u2010discoloration in relation to swimming, we examined sixty\u2010seven elite swimmers of the Japan National Swimming Team and fifty\u2010four, age\u2010matched subjects as controls. The incidence of hair discoloration (61%) in the swimmers' group was significantly higher than that in controls (0%) (p&lt;0.0001). Interestingly, surface damage of the nail plates coexisted in the swimmers with the scalp\u2010hair discoloration. The hairs picked from the eight swimmers and two age\u2010matched individuals as controls were examined by electron microscope (EM) and EM X\u2010ray microanalyzer. The swimmers' discolored, golden hair revealed complete disappearance of hair cuticle both by scanning EM (SEM) and transmission EM (TEM). The quantity of melanosomes in the cortex decreased, and their diameter was smaller than that of controls. In addition, irregularly shaped melanosomes with variable electron density and less electron\u2010dense melanosomes with white haloes were frequently observed in the swimmers' golden hair. The X\u2010ray elemental spectrograph by SEM revealed that the content of sulfur in all the swimmers' discoloured hair was lower than that in the normal controls and that the content of chlorine in the male swimmers' discoloured hair was higher than that in the female swimmers and the normal controls. The X\u2010ray elemental microanalysis by TEM focused on melanosomes in the cortex of the cross section and detected elemental chlorine in all swimmers' golden hairs. It did not detect any element in the control hairs. The <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C\u2010tyrosine uptake test of hairbulbs found no significant difference between the swimmers and the normal controls. These findings suggest that hair discoloration was mainly due to cuticle damage by friction with water. Hypochlorous acid in the swimming pool water can penetrate to the hair cortex through the cuticle. It can oxidize and degenerate melanosomes there.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02243.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,10]],"date-time":"2015-04-10T06:52:51Z","timestamp":1428648771000},"page":"625-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hair\u2010Discoloration of Japanese Elite Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Nanko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tokyo Kosei\u2010Nenkin Hospital  Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiteru","family":"Mutoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Atsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tokyo Kosei\u2010Nenkin Hospital  Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tokyo Kosei\u2010Nenkin Hospital  Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tokyo Kosei\u2010Nenkin Hospital  Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuko","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Tokyo Kosei\u2010Nenkin Hospital  Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electron Microscopy Tokyo University Hospital  Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youko","family":"Kawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology St. Marianna University  Kawasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology St. Marianna University  Kawasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5919.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630200064007","article-title":"Alminium chloride in the treatment of symptomatic athlete's foot","volume":"111","author":"Leyden JJ","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03270460078026","article-title":"Green hair","volume":"237","author":"Lampe RM","year":"1977","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502272920922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1978.01640130085035","article-title":"Swimmer's green hair","volume":"114","author":"Goette CD","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Gendai Hifukagaku Taikei","author":"Takashima I","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"342","volume-title":"Disease of the Hair and Scalp","author":"Rook A","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Ke no Igaku","author":"Hori Y","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Biology and Disease of the Hair","author":"Hayashi S","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Biology and Disease of the Hair","author":"Montagna W","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"A Color Atlas of Hair, Scalp & Nail","author":"Baran R","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"SetaS KozukaH SudoT:Criminal investigation of human head hair by means of scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis with special reference to age and sex differences. 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